Archive: 14 July 2026
Showing 1,251-1,300 of 1,599 articles
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:10 WIB
S&P Maintains Indonesia's Credit Rating at BBB with Stable Outlook
S&P Global Ratings has affirmed Indonesia's sovereign credit rating at BBB with a stable outlook, citing confidence in the government's fiscal management. Deputy Minister Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa attributed the decision to successful lobbying efforts by a joint government and parliamentary delegation during the IMF Spring Meetings in April 2026. The rating agency expects a recovery in government revenues and export earnings, supported by predictable policy execution.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:10 WIB
BGN prioritizes nutrition as free meals resume
Indonesia's National Nutrition Agency (BGN) has reaffirmed that nutritional quality, particularly the inclusion of animal-based protein, remains the top priority as the free meal programme resumes in schools. The agency has directed kitchen managers to adhere to standard operating procedures and prioritise sourcing raw materials from local micro, small, and medium enterprises. The government aims to use the programme, which targets 82.9 million beneficiaries, to not only improve child nutrition but also generate a sustainable economic impact for local farmers and communities.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:10 WIB
Government to Disburse Q3 Social Assistance Starting 20 July, Data Cleansing Underway
The Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs will begin distributing the third-quarter social assistance for the Family Hope Programme and Non-Cash Food Assistance on 20 July 2026. The ministry is currently finalising data cleansing based on the latest figures from the Central Statistics Agency to ensure accurate targeting. The programme will also be followed by empowerment initiatives to help beneficiaries eventually become self-sufficient.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:09 WIB
Pegadaian Wins Top Company in Bullion Bank Industry 2026 Award, Supporting Government’s Asta Cita
PT Pegadaian (Persero) has been recognised as the Top Company in the Bullion Bank Industry at the Indonesia Top Companies Recognition 2026, underscoring its pioneering role in the nation’s gold-based financial ecosystem. The state-owned enterprise, which launched its Bullion Bank service in February 2025 after securing OJK approval, now manages a total gold ecosystem of 153.72 tonnes. The company aims to transform gold from a static investment into a productive financial asset to boost public welfare and strengthen the national economy.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:09 WIB
Teddy Speaks for Three Hours Before Akmil Cadets in Magelang
Cabinet Secretary Teddy Indra Wijaya delivered a three-hour leadership briefing to over 1,600 cadets at the Military Academy in Magelang. The session focused on integrity, solidarity, and national service. His appearance follows recent scrutiny over his accelerated promotion to lieutenant colonel, which prompted a revision of military rank regulations.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:09 WIB
Police Investigate Truck Driver Who Crashed into Tendean Footbridge
South Jakarta police are intensively questioning the driver of a heavy equipment truck that collided with the Tendean pedestrian bridge, causing its complete structural failure. The driver is suspected of negligence, including using his mobile phone while driving, and failing to account for the vehicle's height. Authorities are also summoning the corporate owner of the vehicle to investigate permit violations for oversized loads on the capital's main roads.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:09 WIB
PLN UP3 Sedayu and YBM PLN Distribute School Supplies to Qur'an Students in Kulonprogo
PLN UP3 Sedayu, in collaboration with the Baitul Maal Foundation (YBM) PLN, has provided school supplies to 50 students at the Rumah Qur'an Sahabat Nusantara in Sukoreno, Kulonprogo. The initiative, funded by employee zakat, infak, and sedekah, aims to support education and youth development. PLN officials emphasised the company's commitment to delivering social benefits alongside reliable electricity, particularly during the Islamic month of Muharram.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:08 WIB
Singapore Armed Forces Chief to Launch Indonesia-Singapore Defence Alumni Initiative in Jakarta
The Chief of the Singapore Armed Forces, Vice Admiral Aaron Beng, is scheduled to attend the launch of the Indonesia-Singapore Defence Alumni (Indosin) initiative in Jakarta. The programme aims to unite officers from both nations who have collaborated or studied in each other's countries. Indonesia's Minister of Defence and the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces are also expected to participate.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:08 WIB
Women must be given access to manage social forestry: Deputy Minister
Deputy Minister of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, Veronica Tan, has stressed the need to provide women with access, participation, and capacity building to manage social forestry. She highlighted that applying a gender perspective in social forestry management can strengthen village economic independence and family food security. The ministry also introduced the Women's Local Food Garden Programme to promote family food resilience and women's economic empowerment through permaculture and restorative economy approaches.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:07 WIB
Singaporean Tourist's Gold Necklace Snatched in Canggu, Falls While Chasing Perpetrator
A 26-year-old Singaporean tourist was robbed of her 24-gram gold necklace while riding a motorbike in Canggu, Bali. The victim sustained minor abrasions after falling while attempting to pursue the lone suspect. Police are currently investigating the incident and pursuing the perpetrator, who was recorded on CCTV wearing all black and riding a scooter.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:07 WIB
Constitutional Court Justice on Flight Delay Compensation: 'Unfair if Only Light Snacks'
Constitutional Court Deputy Chief Justice Saldi Isra has challenged the adequacy of existing flight delay compensation rules, arguing that offering only light snacks or even luxury hotel stays fails to address the real losses suffered by passengers. During a judicial review hearing of the Aviation Law, he highlighted cases where delays caused passengers to miss critical business meetings, questioning how such consequential damages are calculated. The government defended the current tiered compensation scheme, which ranges from soft drinks to Rp 300,000 in cash, as stipulated in a 2015 ministerial regulation.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:06 WIB
Three TTU DPRD Members Examined by NTT Police Over dr Icha Case
Three members of the Timor Tengah Utara (TTU) Regional House of Representatives and a civil servant have been questioned by East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Police over allegations of intimidating doctor Eliza Princila Utami Pakaenoni, known as Icha, who later took her own life. The four individuals, accompanied by their legal team, complied with a rescheduled summons after initially failing to appear. Police confirmed the investigation is being handled by the General Criminal Investigation Directorate.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:06 WIB
One dead after two UAE tankers hit by Iranian cruise missiles
Two United Arab Emirates-flagged oil tankers were struck by Iranian cruise missiles in the Strait of Hormuz, resulting in the death of one Indian crew member and injuries to eight others. The UAE Ministry of Defence condemned the attack as a serious violation of international law threatening regional stability. The incident has escalated tensions in the strategically vital waterway, with the UAE asserting its right to respond to protect its national interests.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:05 WIB
Rudy Susmanto: IKN Development Continues, Not Abandoned
Bogor Regent Rudy Susmanto has confirmed that the development of the Nusantara Capital City (IKN) is progressing and has not stalled, following a direct visit to the site. He highlighted that President Prabowo Subianto has issued a mandate for IKN to become the political capital by 2028. Susmanto dismissed negative narratives, stating the reality on the ground shows continuous development.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:04 WIB
Ojol Driver in Tangerang Stabbed to Death While Sleeping at Basecamp, Motorbike and Phone Stolen
An online motorcycle taxi driver was fatally stabbed while sleeping at a basecamp in Kosambi, Tangerang City. The assailant fled with the victim's Honda PCX motorbike and mobile phone. Police are currently investigating the incident, which occurred in the early hours of Sunday morning.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:03 WIB
Japanese Pharma Giant Takeda Commits IDR 539 Billion to Indonesia's Plasma Ecosystem
Japanese biopharmaceutical company Takeda is investing US$30 million over two years to establish a plasma bank network in Indonesia. The investment, welcomed by the Ministry of Investment, aims to develop the country's plasma-derived medicinal products industry. The first plasma bank is targeted to be operational by 2027, supporting technology transfer and high-skilled job creation.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:02 WIB
Finance Ministry Oversees Optimisation of 'Sekolah Rakyat' Construction in Kaur
The Ministry of Finance is closely monitoring the use of the state budget for the construction of a 'Sekolah Rakyat' in Kaur Regency, Bengkulu, a project valued at Rp504.8 billion. Physical progress has reportedly reached 93.69 per cent, exceeding initial targets, with operations scheduled to commence in July 2026. The initiative aims to provide comprehensive, integrated education and has already absorbed over 1,300 local workers.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:00 WIB
Headteacher Says MPLS at SDN Srengseng Sawah 15 Returns to Normal After Bomb Threat
The school orientation period (MPLS) at SDN Srengseng Sawah 15 in South Jakarta has resumed normally following a bomb threat, with the headteacher confirming the campus is now secure. The school is conducting trauma healing sessions for students, parents, and teachers in collaboration with the police and the Indonesian Psychological Association. Police have arrested a 34-year-old suspect, identified as a parent of a student at the school, less than 24 hours after the incident.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:00 WIB
Pertamina Hulu Rokan Finds Nearly 740 Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent in Rokan Non-Conventional Resources
Pertamina Hulu Rokan has discovered nearly 740 million barrels of oil equivalent in non-conventional resources in the Rokan Block, Riau. The company is currently maturing the technical plans to convert these resources into national production, with peak output projected at 40,000 to 50,000 barrels per day. The government is processing a new contract for the project, with the first appraisal well drilling targeted for December 2026.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 11:00 WIB
AGO to Involve KPK in Supervision of Febrie Adriansyah Graft Case
The Attorney General's Office has pledged to involve the Corruption Eradication Commission to supervise its investigation into former junior attorney general Febrie Adriansyah. A special team of prosecutors is being formed to minimise potential conflicts of interest, given that investigators previously served under Adriansyah. The case, involving alleged corruption and money laundering, was recently transferred from the National Police's corruption task force.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:59 WIB
293 Families in Bogor Affected by Drought, BPBD Distributes 10,000 Litres of Clean Water
Hundreds of families in Nanggung District, Bogor, are facing a clean water crisis as prolonged dry weather depletes local springs and wells. The Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) has delivered an initial 10,000 litres of water to the two worst-hit hamlets. Residents had resorted to seeking water from neighbouring areas after their own sources dried up completely.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:59 WIB
Prabowo Sets Fishermen's Fuel Price at Rp 15,000 per Litre
President Prabowo Subianto has instructed that the price of fuel for fishing vessels between 30 and 200 gross tonnage be set at Rp 15,000 per litre. The policy aims to ease operational costs for fishermen after non-subsidised fuel prices surged to Rp 21,300 per litre. The subsidy of approximately Rp 3,600 per litre will be financed by the Plantation Fund Management Agency, avoiding a burden on the state budget.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:59 WIB
Tendean Footbridge Demolished, 30 Transport Officers Deployed to Ease Congestion
The Jakarta Transportation Agency has deployed 30 personnel to manage traffic after a crane truck struck and severely damaged the Tendean pedestrian footbridge in South Jakarta. Authorities have decided to demolish the bridge entirely following an assessment that its support pillars were critically compromised. Traffic diversions are in place, and motorists are advised to use alternative routes while the demolition proceeds.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:58 WIB
S&P Affirms Indonesia's Investment Grade Rating with Stable Outlook
Standard & Poor's has affirmed Indonesia's investment grade credit rating at BBB with a stable outlook, a decision that aligns with market expectations and was positively received by investors. The rating affirmation provides a boost amid negative sentiment in the financial markets, though attention now turns to upcoming assessments from Moody's and Fitch Ratings, with fiscal management remaining a key focus.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:58 WIB
Golkar Urges Respect for Legal Process in Coal Corruption Case
Golkar Party official Abdul Rahman Farisi has called on all parties to respect the ongoing legal process regarding alleged corruption in coal distribution for power plants. He cautioned against politicising the investigation after a PDI-P official suggested Energy Minister Bahlil Lahadalia should be the first to be questioned. Farisi noted the alleged misconduct dates back to 2018, well before Lahadalia's 2024 appointment, and stressed the importance of upholding the presumption of innocence.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:58 WIB
BRI Contributes Rp19.1 Trillion in Q1 2026, Strengthening State Revenue
State-owned bank BRI has reported a total contribution of Rp19.1 trillion to the state in the first quarter of 2026, comprising tax payments and dividends. The contribution underscores the bank's strategic role in supporting national fiscal health and sustainable economic development. BRI's consistent performance over recent years highlights its commitment to value creation for the country.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:57 WIB
Iran Mocks Trump's Strait of Hormuz Tariff: 20 Percent Is Too High!
Iran has derided President Donald Trump's threat to impose a 20 per cent tariff on cargo transiting the Strait of Hormuz, with its foreign minister calling the rate excessive. Abbas Araghchi asserted Iran's historic role as the strait's guardian and suggested it would set a fairer, lower tariff for safe passage. The exchange follows Trump's declaration that the US would enforce an 'Iran Blockade' and charge fees for its military protection of the strategic waterway.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:57 WIB
Iran claims to have disabled tankers after they used illegal Hormuz route
Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) has claimed two supertankers were disabled after they allegedly used an unauthorised shipping lane in the Strait of Hormuz at the behest of the US military. The IRGC stated the vessels ignored repeated warnings and entered a mined area, resulting in them being struck and rendered inoperable. The UAE Defence Ministry separately reported that two UAE-flagged tankers were targeted by Iranian cruise missiles, resulting in one fatality and several injuries.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:56 WIB
EU announces $1 billion initiative for Gaza recovery
The European Union has unveiled a nearly €900 million international aid package to support early recovery efforts in Gaza. The 'Team Gaza' initiative aims to restore essential services, rebuild critical infrastructure, and strengthen governance, contingent on a ceasefire and secure humanitarian access. The EU also called for the immediate release of withheld Palestinian tax revenues by Israel.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:56 WIB
House Commission III Rejects Mahfud MD's Proposal for KPK to Take Over Former Jampidsus Case
House of Representatives Commission III member Soedeson Tandra has urged the public to trust law enforcement in handling the case of former Junior Attorney General for Special Crimes Febrie Adriansyah. He dismissed former minister Mahfud MD's suggestion that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) take over the case, stating the House has formed a working committee to oversee the process. Soedesono emphasised that the House adheres strictly to the law and that both the police and the Attorney General's Office are competent authorities.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:55 WIB
Pramono to Create Dedicated Gathering Spaces for the Elderly in Jakarta
Jakarta Governor Pramono Anung has pledged to establish dedicated community centres for the elderly after receiving direct appeals during the 30th National Elderly Day commemoration. A previously allocated site was repurposed for the central government's priority 'Sekolah Rakyat' programme, prompting a search for a new location. The initiative aims to provide senior citizens with a space for social interaction and administrative activities, complementing existing welfare schemes such as the Jakarta Elderly Card and free public transport.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:55 WIB
CNG Set to Replace LPG, Spotlight on Indonesia's Gas Giants
The Indonesian government is exploring compressed natural gas (CNG) in 3 kg canisters as a substitute for subsidised LPG, aiming to cut imports and optimise domestic gas use. While the programme is still in its pilot phase, investors are scrutinising listed gas companies with existing CNG exposure. PT Super Energy Tbk leads in revenue purity from CNG but remains unprofitable, while larger integrated players like PT Rukun Raharja Tbk and PT Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk offer broader exposure with stronger fundamentals.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:55 WIB
DIM Announces Batch II WtE Selected Partners Across 8 Locations
PT Danantara Investment Management has designated selected partners for the second batch of Indonesia's national waste-to-energy programme, covering eight locations across 20 regencies and cities. Indonesian companies lead four of the eight consortiums, signalling a growing domestic role in environmental infrastructure amid competition from global firms. The projects aim to address the nation's waste management crisis while attracting investment, creating green jobs, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:50 WIB
Police detain lorry driver after vehicle carrying heavy equipment gets stuck on South Jakarta footbridge
Police have detained a lorry driver after his vehicle, which was transporting heavy equipment, struck and severely damaged a pedestrian footbridge (JPO) in Mampang, South Jakarta. The driver is suspected of negligence, with initial reports suggesting he was distracted by his mobile phone and failed to account for the vehicle's height. No casualties were reported in the incident, but the bridge's structure sustained significant damage.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:50 WIB
Government to Distribute Rice Aid to 33.2 Million Families from July to September 2026
The National Food Agency (Bapanas) has announced a second phase of rice aid distribution for 33.2 million beneficiary families, running from July to September 2026. The programme, providing 10 kilograms of rice per family each month, aims to bolster purchasing power and stabilise rice prices. This follows a directive from President Prabowo Subianto to ensure continuous public protection and national food price stability.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:50 WIB
Truck Strikes Jakarta Footbridge, Prompting Emergency Demolition
A pedestrian bridge (JPO) on Jalan Kapten Tendean in South Jakarta was severely damaged after being struck by a heavy equipment transport truck. Authorities have decided to fully demolish the structure due to a detached support pillar, with traffic diversions planned during the operation. The incident occurred early Tuesday morning, reportedly because the driver was distracted by a mobile phone and misjudged the height of the crane being transported.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:50 WIB
Culture Ministry Prepares Jasa Raharja Asset in Semarang for Photography Museum
Indonesia's Ministry of Culture is planning to revitalise a historic building owned by state insurer PT Jasa Raharja in Semarang's Old Town into the nation's first Museum of Photography. The initiative, discussed with state-owned enterprises and stakeholders, aims to fill a thematic gap in the country's museum ecosystem. The project is part of a broader strategy to repurpose heritage buildings for cultural and educational spaces without constructing new structures.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:50 WIB
Notes on S&P Global Ratings' Latest Decision
S&P Global Ratings has reaffirmed Indonesia's sovereign credit rating at BBB with a stable outlook, signalling continued international confidence in the country's economic fundamentals. The decision reflects Indonesia's consistent policy, fiscal discipline, and stable macroeconomic conditions despite global uncertainties. The article argues that while maintaining this investment-grade rating is positive, Indonesia must now accelerate reforms to achieve a higher rating and transform market confidence into a significant economic leap.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:50 WIB
Why Australia Cuts Indonesian Business Visa Process to 3 Days
Australia has slashed business visa processing times for Indonesian citizens to just three days, a move announced alongside the launch of the Katalis 2.0 programme. The AU$40 million initiative, part of the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, aims to boost bilateral trade and investment across sectors such as education, healthcare, and MSMEs. The programme builds on earlier successes, including helping Indonesian women-led businesses export cocoa and enabling nurses to train for the Australian healthcare system.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:50 WIB
Pos Indonesia Fails to Meet Rp24.11 Billion Sukuk Payment Obligation
State-owned postal service PT Pos Indonesia has defaulted on a Rp24.11 billion sukuk payment due on 7 July 2026. The company cited constrained cash flow as the reason for the missed payment on its Shelf Registration Ijarah Sukuk I Phase I Year 2024. Pos Indonesia has formally requested a payment postponement from the Indonesian Central Securities Depository (KSEI).
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:48 WIB
Pramono Says Tendean Footbridge Struck Due to Negligent Lorry Driver Exceeding Capacity
Jakarta Governor Pramono Anung has attributed the damage to the pedestrian footbridge on Jalan Tendean to a lorry driver's negligence in transporting heavy equipment that exceeded the height limit. The incident caused severe traffic congestion in the area, prompting the Jakarta administration to deploy the Transportation Agency to restore traffic flow. The driver admitted he was distracted by a navigation app and was unfamiliar with the route while en route to the Attorney General's Office.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:47 WIB
Pramono Says Affluent Families Not a Priority for Jakarta Elderly Card
Jakarta Governor Pramono Anung has stated that the Jakarta Elderly Card (KLJ) programme remains open but will prioritise senior citizens genuinely in need of social assistance. He noted that elderly residents from financially capable families are not the priority for receiving the benefit. The programme has reportedly been distributed to over 168,000 recipients in the capital.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:47 WIB
The Fruits and Wisdoms of Believing in the Signs of the Day of Judgement
Believing in the signs of the Day of Judgement is a fundamental aspect of perfecting one's faith in the unseen and fulfilling the sixth pillar of Iman. This belief yields noble character, diverse forms of worship, and positive impacts for individuals and society in this world and the hereafter.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:45 WIB
Antam Gold Price Falls Again
The price of gold bullion produced by PT Aneka Tambang (Antam) dropped by Rp 20,000 per gram on Tuesday, continuing a recent downward trend. The decline mirrors global market movements, where gold prices steadied around US$4,000 per ounce after a sharp fall triggered by renewed geopolitical tensions in the Strait of Hormuz. Investors are now awaiting key US inflation data and Congressional testimony from the Federal Reserve Chair for further policy direction.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:45 WIB
Husein Airport in Bandung to Reopen, Airlines Respond Positively
The Indonesian government's plan to reactivate Bandung's Husein Sastranegara Airport for jet flights has been welcomed by the national airline association, INACA. The airport is scheduled to resume limited jet services by 17 August 2026, with full operations expected a month later. Airlines are now preparing evaluations while awaiting confirmation on infrastructure readiness from the airport operator.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:44 WIB
Pertamina Implements Tax Data Integration to Boost Transparency
State-owned energy giant Pertamina has become the first taxpayer in Indonesia to pilot a Tax Control Framework and integrated data system with the Directorate General of Taxes. The initiative aims to modernise tax administration, enhance transparency, and minimise potential disputes. Pertamina's total contribution to the state over the past three years reached Rp1,188 trillion through taxes, dividends, and other fiscal obligations.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:42 WIB
Two UAE Tankers Attacked by Iran in Strait of Hormuz, One Crew Member Killed
The United Arab Emirates has accused Iran of attacking two of its oil tankers with cruise missiles in the Strait of Hormuz, resulting in the death of an Indian crew member and injuries to eight others. The incident marks a significant escalation in regional tensions following renewed US strikes against Tehran. The UAE condemned the attack as a flagrant violation of international law threatening regional security and stability.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:42 WIB
Minister Abdul Mu'ti Visits Jakarta School After Bomb Threat, Joins Students for Morning Exercise
Minister of Primary and Secondary Education Abdul Mu'ti visited SDN Srengseng Sawah 15 in South Jakarta to monitor the first day of the new school term, days after the school was evacuated due to a false bomb threat. During his visit, he joined students in morning exercise and encouraged them to pursue their ambitions. Police have since arrested a 34-year-old man who admitted sending the threat out of personal frustration and mischief.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:40 WIB
Trump approved Saudi airstrike on Yemen airport, media reports
US President Donald Trump reportedly gave prior approval for a Saudi-led airstrike on Sanaa International Airport in Houthi-held Yemen. The strike occurred before the scheduled arrival of an Iranian plane carrying Houthi leaders, according to US officials cited by Axios. The incident underscores Washington's direct role in the ongoing regional conflict.
Tue, 14 Jul 2026, 10:40 WIB
The Origins of Tax: From Pharaohs to Raffles in Indonesia
The concept of taxation dates back to ancient Egypt, where Pharaohs levied charges on harvests and labour to fund state projects. In Indonesia, the modern tax system was introduced by British colonial administrator Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1811, who imposed a direct land tax on individual farmers. While initially a tool of colonial revenue, taxation has since evolved into a key instrument for public welfare and economic redistribution.