Archive: 12 August 2026
Showing 851-900 of 1,433 articles
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:49 WIB
Customs and Joint Forces Destroy 1.3 Tonnes of Ketamine, Saving 6.68 Million Lives
Indonesian Customs and Excise, alongside the Navy, Police, National Narcotics Agency, and State Intelligence Agency, symbolically destroyed 1.3 tonnes of ketamine in Batam. The drugs were seized from the MV King Sun vessel in a joint operation that intercepted a major maritime smuggling attempt. The operation is estimated to have saved approximately 6.68 million people from potential substance abuse.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:49 WIB
Merdeka Run 2026 Registration Opens: 8K Route Starts from Merdeka Palace
The Ministry of Youth and Sports has opened registration for the Merdeka Run 2026, an 8-kilometre race starting at the Merdeka Palace on 29 August. Limited to 8,000 participants, the event is part of Indonesia's 81st Independence Day celebrations and will feature a drone show and a festival. The initiative aims to encourage broad public participation in the national commemoration.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:48 WIB
Frame Factory in Duren Sawit Destroyed by Early Morning Blaze
A fire ripped through a frame factory in the Pondok Kelapa area of Duren Sawit, East Jakarta, in the early hours of Wednesday morning. The Jakarta Fire and Rescue Service deployed 25 fire engines and 125 personnel to extinguish the blaze, which was first reported by residents at 00:25 WIB. No casualties were reported, but the cause of the fire and the total material losses are still under investigation.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:48 WIB
Sjafrie: Prabowo a Veteran Fighter for East Timor's Independence in 1976
Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin highlighted President Prabowo Subianto's service as a veteran defending East Timor's independence in 1976 during the National Veterans Day commemoration. He conveyed the President's greetings and emphasised the government's commitment to veterans' welfare. Sjafrie also stated he had written to the Finance Minister to advocate for an increase in veterans' pensions.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:48 WIB
Lenovo Developing Laptop with Horizontally Expandable Rollable Screen
Lenovo is reportedly working on a new laptop concept, codenamed Project Swan, featuring a screen that expands horizontally. The device, believed to be part of the ThinkBook series, uses a motorised mechanism to pull out a flexible OLED panel from the sides. This follows the company's earlier showcase of a similar horizontal rollable screen concept on the Legion Pro Rollable gaming laptop at CES 2026.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:47 WIB
House Commission III Pledges to Oversee Blasphemy Case at Music Festival
The House of Representatives' Commission III has vowed to monitor the investigation into an alleged blasphemy case at a music festival in North Jakarta. The incident involved a promotional challenge where attendees were asked to recite Quranic verses in exchange for alcoholic beverages. Lawmakers have urged the police to thoroughly investigate and prosecute the matter to prevent the commercial exploitation of sensitive religious issues.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:46 WIB
Philippine VP Duterte Faces Criminal Charges Over Assassination Threats
The Philippine Department of Justice has filed criminal charges against Vice President Sara Duterte for allegedly threatening to assassinate President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., the First Lady, and the former House Speaker. The case, which mirrors one of the four impeachment charges she already faces, includes a recommended bail of 120,000 pesos. Duterte's legal team argues the criminal proceedings cannot continue while the impeachment trial is ongoing.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:46 WIB
Customs and Joint Forces Destroy 1.3 Tons of Ketamine, Saving 6.68 Million Lives in Riau Islands
Indonesian Customs and Excise, along with the Navy, Police, and National Narcotics Agency, destroyed 1.3 tons of ketamine seized from a vessel in the waters off Bintan, Kepulauan Riau. The operation, which followed intelligence sharing with Thai authorities, led to the arrest of eight crew members and is estimated to have prevented potential drug abuse among 6.68 million people. Officials emphasised the importance of inter-agency synergy in combating maritime drug smuggling and protecting the public.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:46 WIB
Bali Police Raid Boarding House in Jimbaran, Seize 1.8 kg of Narcotics from Medan Man
The Bali Police narcotics directorate arrested a man from Medan and seized 1.8 kilogrammes of drugs during a raid on a boarding house in Jimbaran, Badung. The seized evidence included 18 packages of cannabis and two packages of methamphetamine, along with drug paraphernalia. The suspect faces up to 20 years in prison under Indonesia's narcotics law.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:45 WIB
Five University Majors with the Highest Graduate Unemployment in Indonesia
A new report by the University of Indonesia's LPEM FEB reveals that Management, Law, and Economics graduates account for the largest share of unemployed degree holders in Indonesia. The study also highlights that approximately 8 million graduates are underemployed, working in jobs below their qualification level, raising concerns about the mismatch between higher education output and labour market demands.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:43 WIB
Kesbangpol and BNN Launch Drug-Free School Programme in Central Jakarta
The Central Jakarta National Unity and Political Agency (Kesbangpol) and the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) have initiated a 'Drug-Free School' programme at SMPN 156 Jakarta. The initiative aims to educate students on the dangers of drug abuse and the prevention of illicit narcotics circulation. Officials emphasised that the programme represents a concrete step, not merely a ceremonial one, to safeguard the younger generation from the threat of drugs.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:43 WIB
Indonesia details work sectors, quotas for 'SMK Go Global' Program
The Indonesian government has announced specific sector quotas and destination countries for its 'SMK Go Global' programme, aiming to place 40,000 vocational graduates in overseas jobs. The initiative targets hospitality, healthcare, and manufacturing roles across nations including Japan, Germany, and the Middle East, with the goal of curbing illegal migration. Registration for the 2026 programme opens on August 12, as part of a broader strategy to align workforce training with international market demands.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:43 WIB
Bontang City Government Evaluates Free Nutritious Meal Programme
The Bontang city administration has launched an urgent evaluation of its Free Nutritious Meal (MBG) programme following reports of food poisoning among students. Led by the deputy mayor, the coordination meeting aims to overhaul food safety standards from ingredient sourcing to distribution. Authorities are investigating the exact cause of the incident to prevent future occurrences.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:42 WIB
Grave of Artist Djaduk Ferianto's Father-in-Law Damaged by Cemetery Caretaker
The grave of the late artist Djaduk Ferianto's father-in-law in Yogyakarta was damaged by a cemetery caretaker who claimed she was never given money by the family. The caretaker admitted to removing the headstone to force a meeting with the heir, leading to a police-mediated settlement. The incident has raised questions about the regulation of burial land in the area, which is not managed by the city government.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:40 WIB
Public Works Ministry Moves Swiftly to Address Drought Impact in Mamuju
The Ministry of Public Works has rapidly deployed clean water aid to Botteng Utara Village in Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi, as drought conditions limit local water sources. The emergency response, involving the distribution of 12,000 litres of water, aims to meet the basic needs of affected residents. Minister Dody Hanggodo emphasised that water availability is a crucial foundation for sustainable development, particularly in regions vulnerable to climate change and El Niño.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:40 WIB
Trade Minister Speaks Out on Fortified Rice Findings
Trade Minister Budi Santoso has addressed concerns over fortified rice products found to have discrepancies between their labelled and actual nutritional content. The government is coordinating with the National Food Agency (Bapanas) to strengthen oversight, though no consumer refund mechanism has yet been established. Authorities are intensifying inspections to ensure products meet safety and quality standards, while investigating potential legal violations.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:38 WIB
Female High School Student Struck by Commuter Train, Ministry Coordinates with Local Authorities
The Indonesian Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection is coordinating with local police and child protection agencies following the death of a 14-year-old high school student who was struck by a KRL commuter train at Jurangmangu Station in South Tangerang. The ministry expressed its condolences and is awaiting the results of a police investigation into the cause of the incident. The student's body was taken to a local hospital for a post-mortem examination before being buried.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:38 WIB
Riau Police Chief Inaugurates Elephant Breeding Area in Minas as an 'Ecological Investment'
Riau Police Chief Inspector General Herry Heryawan inaugurated a breeding area at the Minas Elephant Training Centre on World Elephant Day, describing it as a long-term ecological investment. The facility aims to support the natural breeding of the critically endangered Sumatran elephant, whose population has declined due to human conflict and habitat loss. The initiative aligns with a recent Presidential Instruction on accelerating the protection of Sumatran and Bornean elephants.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:35 WIB
Employee of Kukar Communication and Informatics Office Sets Meeting Room Ablaze After Being Bullied with Stickers
An employee of the Communication and Informatics Office (Diskominfo) in Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, was arrested for allegedly setting a meeting room on fire. The suspect, identified as MFA, reportedly acted out of frustration after colleagues repeatedly turned his photos into stickers and mocked him. Police confirmed the suspect prepared 30 to 40 litres of petrol before the incident, which was contained by the fire department.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:35 WIB
Pertamina Lubricants Warns Against Counterfeit Oil, Advises on Authenticity Checks
PT Pertamina Lubricants has urged consumers to be vigilant against the circulation of counterfeit engine oil and to purchase only from its nearly 7,500 official outlets across Indonesia. The company advises buyers to check packaging details, QR codes, and serial numbers, warning that using non-standard lubricants can cause vehicle damage. The statement also noted that the rise of electric vehicles is shifting the types of lubricants required, though the need for genuine products remains.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:34 WIB
Palace Confirms SBY Will Miss 81st Independence Day Ceremony Due to Medical Check-Up
The Indonesian State Palace has confirmed that former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) will not attend the 81st Independence Day ceremony. Minister of State Secretary Prasetyo Hadi stated that SBY is undergoing a routine medical check-up. The government is still awaiting confirmation on whether former President Megawati Soekarnoputri will attend the event.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:34 WIB
Gorontalo and UAE Explore Investment Partnerships
The United Arab Emirates has expressed readiness to process investment proposals from Gorontalo, focusing on agromaritime development, coconut processing, and regional infrastructure. UAE Ambassador Abdulla Salem Aldhaheri made his first official visit to the province, inspecting a coconut processing facility and offering to connect Emirati capital with local businesses. Governor Gusnar Ismail also proposed UAE support for constructing a landmark mosque in Gorontalo, modelled after the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Surakarta, to serve eastern Indonesia.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:34 WIB
Pertamina Brings Solar Power to Traditional Market in Serang
State-owned energy firm Pertamina, through its foundation, has installed a 4 kWp solar power system at Pasar Kepandean in Serang, Banten, to support trader activities and promote renewable energy. The 'Pasar Energi Berdikari' programme aims to reduce electricity costs for small businesses while integrating clean energy education and capacity building. The initiative, developed in collaboration with the Serang city government and local universities, is intended to serve as a sustainable model for traditional markets across Indonesia.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:33 WIB
BUMN Performance Grows Positively, Danantara Strengthens Transformation Under Prabowo Administration
Indonesian state-owned enterprises (BUMN) have reported significant profit growth in the first half of 2026, with Danantara's consolidation and transformation programme yielding concrete results. Key performers include PT Timah with an 804.7% profit surge and PT Krakatau Steel which successfully turned around from a previous loss. The positive results align with the Prabowo administration's broader economic objectives.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:33 WIB
Indonesian Diaspora Develops Nusantara Culinary Business in the Netherlands with BNI Support
Suprapti, an Indonesian diaspora entrepreneur, has successfully expanded her authentic Padang restaurant, Waroeng Padang Lapek, in The Hague with strategic financing from PT Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). The bank's support enabled the purchase of a central kitchen property, strengthening the business for long-term expansion, including a planned new branch in Amsterdam. BNI views this collaboration as part of its broader commitment to empowering Indonesian diaspora businesses and promoting national culture on the global stage.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:32 WIB
North Korea Launches Ballistic Missile, Falls Outside Japan's EEZ
North Korea fired a ballistic missile towards the East Sea early Wednesday, which is believed to have landed outside Japan's exclusive economic zone. Japan's Defence Minister Shinjiro Koizumi lodged a strong protest, stating the launch violates UN Security Council resolutions and threatens regional peace. The launch occurred amid preparations for joint US-South Korea military exercises and follows a recent joint statement by Japan, the US, and 39 other nations calling for prior notification of such missile tests.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:32 WIB
Investment Realization in Indonesia H1 2026, Mainly for the Metal Industry
Indonesia recorded investment realisation of Rp1,010.57 trillion in the first half of 2026, with foreign and domestic contributions nearly evenly split. The basic metals and metal goods sector dominated, attracting Rp150.35 trillion, underscoring the government's focus on downstream mineral processing. The data highlights the continued expansion of capital-intensive industries as the country pushes to add value to its natural resources.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:32 WIB
Investment Realization by Business Sector in Indonesia Q2 2026
Indonesia recorded total investment of Rp511.78 trillion in the second quarter of 2026, with foreign and domestic contributions nearly equal. The basic metal and metal goods industry led all sectors, attracting Rp81 trillion, followed by transportation, warehousing, and telecommunications. The data highlights the continued dominance of resource-based and infrastructure-related sectors in driving the nation's investment growth.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:31 WIB
JIAT Helps Banjar Farmers Secure Water Supply Amid El Niño Threat
The Ministry of Public Works has built a Groundwater Irrigation Network (JIAT) in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, to support national food self-sufficiency. The system utilises groundwater to provide a reliable water source for farmers during reduced rainfall caused by El Niño. The initiative aims to significantly boost agricultural productivity and strengthen food security in the region.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:30 WIB
Indonesia's BPDLH Strengthens Climate Action via REDD+ GCF Funding
Indonesia's Environmental Fund Management Agency (BPDLH) is channelling results-based payments from the Green Climate Fund to accelerate emission reductions and sustainable forest management. The nation made history as the first in the Asia-Pacific to secure $103.78 million from the GCF for cutting 20.25 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. The project has already disbursed over Rp500 billion, supporting social forestry across 2 million hectares and reaching 1,266 villages nationwide.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:30 WIB
DIY Ombudsman Receives Public Complaints Over Lack of Transparency in Special Autonomy Funds
The Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia's Yogyakarta office has received a formal complaint from a collective of artists and cultural figures regarding the opaque management of the Special Autonomy Fund (Danais) since 2013. The group alleges that relevant agencies have been unresponsive and have failed to provide transparent details on budget realisation. The Ombudsman emphasised that all public budgets should be openly accessible to the community.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:30 WIB
Preparing Super Resilient Human Resources from Batang Hari
The article argues that Indonesia's demographic bonus hinges on quality human development at the grassroots level, not just infrastructure. It outlines Batang Hari Regency's vision to build competitive and resilient human resources through foundational literacy, numeracy, and health programmes, aligning local efforts with the national Indonesia Emas 2045 vision.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:30 WIB
Prabowo and Xi Jinping Unite Forces, Military Vessels Ready for Deployment
China and Indonesia are set to conduct a joint naval navigation exercise east of Taiwan in mid-August, marking the first such drill between the Chinese navy and a foreign nation in those waters. Beijing views the exercise as a significant political and strategic signal, asserting its sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the area. Taiwan has condemned the planned exercise as a dangerous military provocation.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:29 WIB
Indonesia's Rafale Fighter Jets Make Debut in Air Display Ahead of Independence Day
Two Indonesian Rafale fighter jets participated in their first public air display as part of rehearsals for the 81st Independence Day ceremony at the Merdeka Palace. The demonstration, involving around 81 aircraft and helicopters, is being evaluated to ensure precise positioning for the main event. The government is also expanding public viewing capacity, with over 336,000 people registering for the limited in-person slots.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:29 WIB
Mount Picung's wildfire extinguished, Indonesia's BNPB says
Indonesia's National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) has confirmed the successful containment of a wildfire that swept through three hectares of grassland on Mount Picung in Cianjur, West Java. A joint task force of local agencies and residents managed to extinguish the blaze, preventing it from reaching residential areas. Authorities continue to monitor the site for potential flare-ups while the cause of the fire remains under investigation.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:29 WIB
MTs Student Run Over After Motorcycle Hits Pedestrians Near Free Nutritious Meal Vehicle in Central Lombok
A female student in Central Lombok sustained leg injuries after being struck by a motorcycle and thrown under a parked vehicle belonging to the Free Nutritious Meal programme. Police confirmed the incident was triggered by a 12-year-old motorcyclist losing control and hitting two pedestrians, who were then flung into the programme's operational car. The case has been resolved amicably between the families involved.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:29 WIB
Mount Bromo Fully Closed, 2,056 Tourists Request Refunds
A total of 2,056 tourists have requested ticket refunds following the complete closure of Mount Bromo due to spreading forest and land fires. The closure, enforced by the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Authority, affects all entry points to prioritise firefighting efforts and visitor safety. Officials reported that 1,944 domestic and 112 foreign visitors have applied for refunds since Sunday, with a further 974 yet to submit claims.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:28 WIB
Palace: SBY Likely to Miss 81st Independence Day Ceremony
Former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is likely to miss the 81st Independence Day ceremony at the Merdeka Palace due to a routine medical check-up abroad. The State Secretary confirmed the government is still awaiting confirmations from other former presidents and vice presidents. The Democratic Party previously stated that SBY is undergoing health checks in the United States until the end of August.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:27 WIB
US strikes in Yemen kill 153 people throughout 2025
A Pentagon review has confirmed that US military operations in Yemen have resulted in the deaths of 153 civilians and injuries to around 250 others in 2025. The disclosure marks the first public acknowledgement by the US Department of Defence of the significant civilian toll from its campaign, which targeted over 1,000 sites. The operations, ordered by President Donald Trump in March, lasted 53 days before a ceasefire was announced by Oman's Foreign Ministry.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:27 WIB
East Jakarta Government Stresses Companies Cannot Charge Job Applicants Fees
The East Jakarta administration has issued a firm warning to companies against charging job seekers any fees during the recruitment process, citing clear legal prohibitions. Officials emphasised that all recruitment costs are the employer's responsibility and that violations can lead to administrative sanctions, licence revocation, or even criminal fraud charges. The statement follows a viral case where a Bogor resident reported being asked to pay to secure a job in Jatinegara.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:27 WIB
Putri Yasmin Ferry Catches Fire in Lombok Strait, One Passenger Dies
A fire aboard the KMP Putri Yasmin ferry in the Lombok Strait early Wednesday resulted in one fatality and the rescue of dozens of passengers. The vessel was en route from Padangbai, Bali, to Lembar, Lombok, when the incident occurred around 04:20 WITA. A coordinated maritime rescue operation involving multiple vessels and agencies successfully evacuated survivors to various ports.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:26 WIB
Indonesia's Crypto Asset Prospects as Investor Numbers Surge Despite Transaction Slump
Indonesia's crypto market presents a significant opportunity as the number of investors surged by over 43% year-on-year to 22.69 million in the first half of 2026, according to the Financial Services Authority (OJK). This growth contrasts sharply with a contraction in aggregate transaction value and minimal adoption by business entities. The divergence between soaring retail participation and declining trading volumes is seen as a major untapped potential for the sector.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:25 WIB
Palace Reveals Prabowo's Reasons for Choosing Destry Damayanti as Sole Candidate for BI Governor
The Indonesian government has put forward Senior Deputy Governor Destry Damayanti as the sole candidate to become the permanent Governor of Bank Indonesia. Minister of State Secretary Prasetyo Hadi cited her decades of experience in the financial sector and two terms as Senior Deputy Governor as the primary reasons for President Prabowo Subianto's decision. The nomination follows the resignation of Perry Warjiyo for personal reasons, and the appointment process now moves to the House of Representatives for deliberation.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:25 WIB
Komnas HAM Indicates TNI Shooting Killed Two Pregnant Women in Central Papua
Indonesia's National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) has indicated alleged human rights violations during a military security operation in Central Papua, which reportedly resulted in the deaths of two pregnant women and their unborn children. The commission is demanding law enforcement and the restoration of victims' rights following the incident in Kembru District on 13–14 April 2026. Komnas HAM's findings, which include the discovery of 36 bullet casings, also noted discrepancies between the military's account of a counter-attack and witness statements identifying the shooters as TNI personnel.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:25 WIB
Salim Group Brings Nintendo to Indonesia, Launching December 2026
The Salim Group has acquired the official distribution rights for Nintendo in Indonesia, marking the Japanese gaming giant's first official presence in the country. The launch, announced by Axton Salim, will see the Nintendo Switch and Nintendo Switch 2 consoles released in December 2026. The distribution will be handled through the group's newly established entity, PT Nusantara Interactive Niaga.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:25 WIB
BNI's Strategy to Strengthen Family Financial Literacy Through wondr by BNI
State-owned bank BNI is leveraging its digital app, wondr by BNI, to help families manage their finances more structurally. The initiative focuses on budgeting tools that separate daily operational funds from long-term savings goals. A customer testimonial highlights how the app provides a sense of financial security and discipline, aligning with BNI's 80th-anniversary commitment to being a strategic partner for Indonesian families.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:24 WIB
State Secretary Oversees Major Rehearsal for 81st Independence Day, Involving 81 Aircraft
State Secretary Prasetyo Hadi led a full dress rehearsal for Indonesia's 81st Independence Day ceremony at the Merdeka Palace. The event featured a large-scale flypast demonstration involving 81 aircraft and helicopters from the military, police, and national search and rescue agency. Further rehearsals are scheduled ahead of the main celebration, which will include public ceremonies and a festival at the National Monument.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:23 WIB
Viral Video of Bogor Online Taxi Driver Subjected to Illegal Parking Fee Extortion Prompts Police Action
A video showing an online taxi driver being forced to pay an illegal parking fee in Cibinong, Bogor, went viral, prompting a swift response from local police. The driver was accosted by a self-appointed parking attendant while waiting for a passenger on Jalan Mayor Oking. Police have since apprehended the individual, who has been questioned and made to sign a statement promising not to repeat the extortion.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:22 WIB
Indonesian Navy Destroys 1.3 Tonnes of Ketamine, Saving 13 Million Lives
The Indonesian Navy, in collaboration with the National Police, Customs, and the National Narcotics Agency, has destroyed nearly 1.3 tonnes of ketamine seized from a foreign vessel. Officials estimate the destruction prevented potential health damage to 13 million people and averted significant rehabilitation costs. Authorities are pushing for ketamine to be reclassified as a Class II narcotic due to its rising abuse, particularly in liquid form for vapes.
Wed, 12 Aug 2026, 13:22 WIB
The Quality That Must Be Maintained
The pursuit of academic excellence is a continuous process, as demonstrated by Universitas Amikom Yogyakarta's recent 'Unggul' accreditation and its investment in 53 lecturers pursuing doctoral studies. These achievements highlight that quality in higher education is not a final destination but an ongoing commitment requiring constant nurturing. The institution's focus on strengthening its human resources and meeting rigorous standards ultimately benefits students and reinforces the foundation of private higher education in Indonesia.