Archive: 9 July 1997
54 articles found
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Holyfield gives Mandela purple satin boxing robe
Holyfield gives Mandela purple satin boxing robe JOHANNESBURG, South Africa (AP): President Nelson Mandela had no boxing tips for Evander Holyfield when the two met Monday, but the heavyweight champion had something for Mandela - a white and purple satin boxing robe. A buoyant Mandela hugged Holyfield and kissed his wife, Janice, when the pair arrived at Mandela's residence for a dinner meeting before the president heads off to Britain, Thailand and Indonesia later Monday night.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Manila to limit city traffic
Manila to limit city traffic MANILA (AP): Manila officials announced yesterday a tough new plan to limit the number of cars on the capital's roads and reduce its notorious traffic jams. Under the new plan, private vehicles will be banned three days a week from the streets of metropolitan Manila's nine cities and eight municipalities between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
S. Korea to import more LNG from RI
S. Korea to import more LNG from RI JAKARTA (JP): South Korea will import more liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Indonesia and further promote energy cooperation between the two countries, a visiting South Korean minister said yesterday. South Korea's Trade, Industry and Energy Minister Lim Chang- yeul said it was cheaper to transport LNG from Indonesia because it was closer than other LNG producing countries.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Jl. Pasar Senen
Jl. Pasar Senen From Neraca Mornings, afternoons, evenings and nights, Jl. Pasar Senen from Wayang Orang Bharata to Pasar Senen is jammed causing a lot of stress among road users, especially private vehicle drivers. I made several observations last week and found that congestion was caused by undisciplined public transportation drivers of Mikrolets, Metrominis, PPD and Mayasari city buses. These drivers stop anywhere they please to pick up passengers.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Spotlight
Spotlight Photo A: Professor JP/msa PROUD PROFESSOR: Minister/State Secretary Moerdiono (left) congratulates Dr. Alwi Dahlan on his induction as professor at the University of Indonesia's School of Social and Political Sciences in Jakarta. Alwi, the chief of BP7, an agency in charge of public education on the state ideology Pancasila, was honored last Saturday.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
300 shuttlers to compete in Sony Indonesia Open
300 shuttlers to compete in Sony Indonesia Open JAKARTA (JP): About 300 shuttlers from 15 countries will compete in the Sony Indonesia Open badminton championships in Surakarta, Central Java, from July 16 to July 20. Organizer Purwanto said yesterday in Surakarta that China would attend the five-day Rp 420 million (US$200,000) tournament. The winner of the men's singles will win $13,000, women's singles $10,000, men's doubles $14,000, women's doubles $12,000 and mixed doubles $8,000.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Boracay pollution puts damper on RP tourism industry
Boracay pollution puts damper on RP tourism industry By Dolly Aglay BORACAY, Philippines (Reuter): Islanders gargle its sea water and officials frolic on its dazzling beach -- but tourists are turning away from the paradise island of Boracay. "We got a lot of cancellations. The damage has been done," Briton Jason Probyn, a resort operator on the Philippines' most famous resort island, lamented on Sunday. "We have worked for years to build the image of Boracay.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Librarian battles for literary culture
Librarian battles for literary culture By Irawati Wisnumurti JAKARTA (JP): Colleagues have described the head of the National Library, Mastini Hardjoprakoso, as a quietly elegant lady who loves embroidery and is passionate about the outdoors. Although she is gentle, humorous and loves children, Mastini is known as a tough and disciplined lady who is serious about her work.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Councilors clash over governorship
Councilors clash over governorship DILI (JP): Leaders of the East Timor legislative council almost brawled yesterday over who should head a team in charge of selecting gubernatorial candidates. The provincial legislative council's chief, Antonio Freitas Parada, disagreed with one of his deputies, Maria LVC Quintao, on who should chair the special team of councilors to select gubernatorial candidates and propose them to the President for approval.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
16 countries to enter Jakarta Open
16 countries to enter Jakarta Open JAKARTA (JP): Sixteen countries will compete in the Jakarta Open, part of Asian Tour Beach Volleyball championships, at Senayan Sport Center from July 11 to July 13. Teams from ASEAN countries, New Zealand, India and Australia will be among the competitors. There will be US$20,000 in cash prizes - $10,000 for the best men's team and $10,000 for the best women's team. Spectators can watch the two-day tournament for free.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
RP official recommend devaluing peso
RP official recommend devaluing peso MANILA (AFP): A group of high-ranking government officials and business leaders has recommended to President Fidel Ramos a "possible gradual depreciation of the peso," the presidential palace said yesterday. The 140-member "Caucus on Competitiveness" was held at the palace last weekend to discuss strategies to make domestic products competitive abroad, a palace statement said.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Love our country
Love our country From Kompas I agree with the government's ruling that government institutions, including state-owned companies, should buy Timor cars. This would show the depth of officials' sense of patriotism and nationalism. Indonesia has come under pressure from Japan and other industrialized countries in the WTO. It is only fair if Indonesia should do something about it by turning to the national car.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Profilindo gets loan
Profilindo gets loan JAKARTA (JP): A bank syndication led by Bank Tamara agreed yesterday to grant a Rp 80 billion (US$326.79 million) loan to finance company PT Profilindo Intratama Finance. Bank Tamara's vice president Hendrik Suhardiman said yesterday the three-year syndicated loan would carry a floating rate. "Sixty percent of the loan or Rp 48 billion will be given through PT Profilindo as a small-scale credit channeling facility," Hendrik said after the loan signing.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
KL aerospace exhibition
KL aerospace exhibition KUALA LUMPUR (DPA): A total of 769 companies have confirmed plans to participate in the fourth Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition in December, Malaysian Defense Minister Syed Hamid Albar announced yesterday. A total of 534 companies would participate in the aerospace segment and the rest plan to take part in the maritime exhibition, Syed Hamid said. In 1995, only 642 companies took part in the exhibition.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Soesilo says riots possible before March assembly
Soesilo says riots possible before March assembly JAKARTA (JP): A senior cabinet minister warned yesterday of possible attempts to disrupt the presidential election next March. Coordinating Minister for Political Affairs and Security Soesilo Soedarman said the Armed Forces should prepare for possible riots during the election. The People's Consultative Assembly will convene its General Assembly next March to deliberate state guidelines and elect a new president and vice president.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Jakarta Fair offers 'kerak telor'
Jakarta Fair offers 'kerak telor' By Christiani Tumelap JAKARTA (JP): The annual Jakarta Fair has been a long awaited opportunity for vendors of a traditional Betawi snack called kerak telor. It is made from eggs and beras ketan (glutinous rice) and shaped like an omelette. The word kerak refers to the surface and bottom of the rice -- burned while being cooked in a small, closed wok over a charcoal- fueled burner. Prospective customers are among the organizer's claimed 30,000 daily visitors.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Two-day cease-fire in S. Philippines
Two-day cease-fire in S. Philippines COTABATO, Philippines (AFP): The Philippine military announced yesterday a 48-hour unilateral cease-fire to its offensive against Moslem rebels in areas around this southern city. The cease-fire started yesterday, said Maj. Gen. Raul Urgello, head of an armed forces task force fielded by President Fidel Ramos to combat kidnap gangs in the southern Philippines.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Mercenary issue to dominate PNG election
Mercenary issue to dominate PNG election By Ratih Hardjono PORT MORESBY: The current general election in Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been an opportunity for the people to demand change. Two of the four prime ministers PNG has had since independence have been ousted. Both Paias Wingti and Julius Chan have been in politics for more than two decades and were old hands at electioneering, but the voters threw them out. The Sandlines mercenary crisis in March has been a catalyst for change.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Danareksa venture capital
Danareksa venture capital JAKARTA (JP): State-owned finance company PT Danareksa and its Japanese and Taiwan partners launched their new joint venture company yesterday. The joint venture, Daiwa NIF Ventures, is soon to establish a venture capital company -- Danareksa Ventura Pertama -- which is expected to have total assets of about US$50 million. The company said yesterday that it would invest the fund in leading infrastructure, telecommunication, construction, services, export companies.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Stewardess' rapist jailed
Stewardess' rapist jailed MANADO, North Sulawesi: A 21-year-old local man, who worked as a receptionist at a four-star hotel, was sentenced to seven years imprisonment yesterday for raping a 19-year-old Merpati Nusantara airways stewardess. Arie Ronny Rumambi was found guilty of raping the stewardess on February 8 in her hotel room. Arie said he needed a few days to consider whether he would appeal. Arie had entered the victim's hotel room in the evening and waited for her to return.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
More funds needed for SEA Games
More funds needed for SEA Games JAKARTA (JP): The state minister for youth and sport affairs, Hayono Isman, said yesterday Indonesia had to increase its fund raising campaign to collect money for the 19th Southeast Asian (SEA) Games. The minister was speaking about the sale of stickers to raise money for the Games at a hearing with House of Representatives Commission IX for religion, education and sports.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Citra Metro signs road deal
Citra Metro signs road deal MANILA (AFP): Philippine, British and Indonesian-backed firms agreed Tuesday to build a 16-billion-peso ( US$615 million) highway linking towns east and south of Manila, the firms said in a statement. The Philippine National Construction Corp. (PNCC), the Philippines' DMCI Holdings Inc, John Laing International of Britain and Indonesian-backed Citra Metro Manila Tollways Corp. signed the agreement, it said.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Lending ban seen to hurt small, medium developers
Lending ban seen to hurt small, medium developers JAKARTA (JP): Businesspeople and analysts said yesterday that the government's move to ban new loans for land acquisition and development would severely hurt small and medium property developers. Panangian Simanungkalit, chairman of the Center for the Study of Indonesian Property, warned that the ban would result in the collapse of many small and medium developers.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Telkom to produce fiber optic cables
Telkom to produce fiber optic cables JAKARTA (JP): State-owned PT Telkom is planning to set up subsidiaries with private firms in the multimedia and optical fiber sectors, Minister of Tourism, Post and Telecommunications Joop Ave said yesterday.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Sutiyoso to take action against disgraceful soldiers
Sutiyoso to take action against disgraceful soldiers JAKARTA (JP): Greater Jakarta Military Commander Maj. Gen. Sutiyoso said yesterday that stern action would be taken against unscrupulous soldiers who backed up illegal activities at entertainment establishments. "... soldiers in the city ... represent soldiers as a whole.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Government to tender 16 toll road projects
Government to tender 16 toll road projects JAKARTA (JP): The government announced yesterday the tender of 16 toll road projects covering 485 kilometers in Java and Sumatra. An executive of the state-owned toll-road operator PT Jasa Marga, Abdul Hadi, said that the projects would require a total investment of about Rp 9 trillion (US$3.67 billion). "Many overseas and local firms have expressed an interest in the projects and they now can obtain the bidding documents for the tender," he said.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Deregulatory measures not to affect city revenue
Deregulatory measures not to affect city revenue JAKARTA (JP): Governor Surjadi Soedirdja said yesterday that new deregulatory measures on the reduction of local taxes and fees would not affect city revenue as the measures would speed up the municipality's plan to improve its tax collection system.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
New evidence for Pakpahan appeal
New evidence for Pakpahan appeal JAKARTA (JP): New evidence will prove that labor leader Muchtar Pakpahan was not involved in a labor riot in Medan, North Sumatra, in April 1994, one of his supporters said yesterday The Indonesian Prosperous Labor Union's secretary-general, Sunarti, said statements from new witnesses and other new evidence would be presented next month at a hearing in the East Jakarta District Court.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Call for stronger tobacco warning
Call for stronger tobacco warning JAKARTA (JP): The government warning on cigarette packs, "Smoking can be detrimental to your health," is too weak to make people give up smoking, a consumer activist says. Zoemrotin K.S. of the Indonesian Consumers Foundation said Monday: "The language on the label is still too vague. It should say that smoking kills or smoking causes cancer.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Stock Exchang
Stock Exchang Stock prices on the Jakarta Stock Exchange (in rupiah) on July 8, 1997: Shares Close Change Trading Volume ------------------------------------------------------- Ades Alfindo 1,250 -25 16,500 AHAP Insurance 2,850 -50 1,000 Alter Abadi 1,000 0 4,500 Alumindo Light Metal 1,175 -50 491,500 Alumindo Perkasa 850 0 0 Aneka Kimia Raya 1,450 75 2,334,000 Anwar Sierad 1,050 0 540,500 Apac Centertex Corp.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Japan may join EU talks on Myanmar sanctions
Japan may join EU talks on Myanmar sanctions TOKYO (AFP): Japan may join the European Union in taking the United States to the World Trade Organization over a U.S. state's sanctions law against Myanmar, a Japanese trade official said yesterday. "We are considering taking part in the talks as a third country," said the official in charge of international agreements at the ministry of international trade and industry. "Our status will not be equal to that of the United States or the EU.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Courses for would-be legislators defended
Courses for would-be legislators defended JAKARTA (JP): The government defended its plan yesterday to provide courses on state affairs and the state ideology Pancasila to new members of the House of Representatives. The Agency for Pancasila Propagation's chief Alwi Dahlan said it was wrong to think the courses were created because the government considered that future House members would be "unqualified".
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Soldier beaten by mob
Soldier beaten by mob JAKARTA (JP): A soldier was recovering in hospital yesterday after he was beaten unconscious by a crowd who thought he was a robber. A police source said the soldier, identified as Gun, received severe wounds to most of his body and was still unconscious when taken to hospital. The soldier's rank was not revealed. He said the attack took place on Jl.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Where to go in Jakarta:
Where to go in Jakarta: Music * Jamz, Jl. Panglima Polim Raya. No. LMN 11, South Jakarta, at 9.30 p.m. to 1 a.m.: Harvey M, Benny L & Co, Monday. Benny L & Co, Dixie Night, Tuesday. Indra, Jamz Session, Wednesday. Wachdach Band, Thursday. Embong R and Audensi Band, Friday. Elfas Singer's Band, Saturday. * Cafe Batavia, Jl. Taman Fatahillah, West Jakarta: Live jazz music, Tuesday to Saturday, 9.30 p.m. * Champions Sports Bar & Restaurant, Jl. Kemang Raya No.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Handover won't affect RI exports to HK: Tunky
Handover won't affect RI exports to HK: Tunky JAKARTA (JP): Hong Kong's reversion to Chinese rule will not affect Indonesia's exports to the former British colony, a senior minister said yesterday. Minister of Industry and Trade Tunky Ariwibowo said trade between Indonesia and Hong Kong would remain as it was because there was no change in the trade status of the island. "There will be no changes in tariffs and other trade requirements on our exports to Hong Kong," Tunky said.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
S'pore tops Asia infrastructure survey
S'pore tops Asia infrastructure survey SINGAPORE (Reuter): Singapore has come first in an infrastructure survey of expatriates living in Asia, according to a report by the Political & Economic Risk Consultancy Ltd. Hong Kong-based PERC asked 265 expatriate executives about the extent to which physical infrastructure deficiencies impeded their ability to do business.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
European businesses urged to get into Asia
European businesses urged to get into Asia JAKARTA (JP): European businesses were encouraged yesterday to increase participation in the development of infrastructure and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Asia. President Soeharto, at the opening of a three-day Asia Europe Business Conference yesterday, said there was an urgent need to develop SMEs in Asia, Indonesia in particular, because their development would have a direct impact on people's welfare.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Anoa called potential killer
Anoa called potential killer KENDARI, Southeast Sulawesi: An Australian animal conservation expert said yesterday that the native anoa (small buffalo) could go on a killing spree like the "killer tiger" in Lampung, Sumatra. The killer tiger, facing a dwindling habitat, reportedly ate two people in Lampung and is now being kept at the Taman Safari park in Bogor, West Java.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Crew strike may affect BA service
Crew strike may affect BA service HONG KONG (Reuter): British Airways service to Asia, including Jakarta, Beijing, Osaka and Nagoya in Japan and Kuala Lumpur, will be affected by a cabin crew strike starting today, BA's Hong Kong cargo manager Chris Chan said. But BA passenger and cargo flights between London and Hong Kong will be unaffected by the 72-hour cabin crew strike, Chan added. "The strike will not affect Hong Kong at all.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
ASEAN 'dismayed' over Cambodia
ASEAN 'dismayed' over Cambodia JAKARTA (JP): The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) issued a joint statement yesterday saying it was "dismayed" by the turn of events in Cambodia and announced a special ministerial meeting tomorrow to deliberate the crisis.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Soeharto to talk to poor kids
Soeharto to talk to poor kids KUPANG, E. Nusa Tenggara: Thirteen children from poor local families have been selected to meet President Soeharto in Jakarta on July 23 on National Children's Day. Abdul Kadir Makarim, who head's the children's selection committee, said yesterday that the 13 children were chosen from each of 13 regencies in East Nusa Tenggara.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
TV today
TV today TVRI 2:30 p.m. News: Lintas Nusantara 2:40 Travel: My Country 2:45 Family's Film: Big Brother Jake 3:10 Children's Program: Anak-Anak Indonesia 3:35 Talk Show: Kotak Pos 4:00 Regional News 4:30 Education Quiz: Cepat Tepat 5:10 TV Series: Topacio 5:55 Music 6:00 News: Lintasan Berita 6:05 Nusantara, The Beloved Country 6:15 Village Program 6:30 TVRI News 6:53 Music 7:00 Evening News 7:30 Live Reports: Pembukaan MTQ Nasional XVIII 8:00 News: Lintasan Berita 8:05 Live Reports: Pembukaan...
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Bank customer robbed of Rp 25m in Kebayoran
Bank customer robbed of Rp 25m in Kebayoran JAKARTA (JP): One of two robbers at the parking lot of a bank on Jl. Melawai, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, shot a customer yesterday and made away with Rp 25 million (US$10,200) in cash. City Police spokesman Lt. Col. E. Aritonang said the incident occurred at about 9 a.m. when the two men approached the victim Ahmad Loga, 77, who was about to leave his parked sedan at Bank Central Asia.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Governor posts 'only for' officers, civil servants
Governor posts 'only for' officers, civil servants JAKARTA (JP): The government said yesterday that people outside the civil service or military were not allowed to become governors. The director general for public administration and regional autonomy, Oman Sachroni, said it was constitutionally impossible for people outside these bodies to become a governor.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Clear the air
Clear the air From Surabaya Post As a motorcyclist I am concerned about the danger of the black smoke emitted from buses' exhausts. Many of these buses are managed by private companies. The black smoke not only hinders visibility but is also detrimental to road users' health. It irritates the respiratory system. I would like to suggest that the authorities intensify the supervision of city buses, particulary those which are no longer suitable for public transportation.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Sunson to go public
Sunson to go public JAKARTA (JP): PT Sunson Textile Manufacturer is planning to offer 80 million shares, or 22.84 percent of its enlarged capital, to the public. Avi Dwipayana of PT Trimegah Securities said the company expected to raise between Rp 64 billion and Rp 80 billion (US$33.3 million) in the initial public offering.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Man stabbed by girlfriend's brother
Man stabbed by girlfriend's brother JAKARTA (JP): A 17-year-old student has been stabbed by his girlfriend's brother who disapproved of the couple's relationship. The victim was berated by the suspect prior to the incident which took place Monday night in the latter's house on Jl. Palmerah Barat I, West Jakarta. City Police Spokesman Lt. Col. E.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Number of proposed governor candidates drops to eight
Number of proposed governor candidates drops to eight JAKARTA (JP): The number of proposed candidates for Jakarta's next governor now drops from 12 to only eight as another candidate has joined the wagon and decided not to be a candidate. Deputy Governor of Economic and Development Affairs Tb.M. Rais, one of three civilian candidates announced by the City Council last Wednesday, said on Monday he was unwilling to be a candidate.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Cloud seedling last option
Cloud seedling last option JATILUHUR, West Java: The government considers that cloud seedling will be the last resort in overcoming water shortages in West Java's major reservoirs. Drought has affected at least 22,000 hectares of rice fields which depend on water from the Jatiluhur reservoir, Antara reported yesterday. West Java is a key rice-growing area. The water levels in the Saguling and Cirata reservoirs have also dropped significantly.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Mixed reactions to deregulation package
Mixed reactions to deregulation package JAKARTA (JP): Businesspeople and legislators highly welcomed yesterday the new reform package which slashes local taxes and levies and import tariffs in a substantial effort to reduce the cost of doing business. But they criticized the exclusion of the automotive sector from the tariff reduction measure and the ban of new loans for land acquisition and land development.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Lack of transparency leads to corruption
Lack of transparency leads to corruption JAKARTA (JP): The lack of transparency in government policy making has caused top heavy corruption, a leading economist said yesterday. Sjahrir of University of Indonesia told a seminar on bureaucracy that corruption prevailed thanks to policies which, despite their legitimacy, favored certain groups or people.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
New options in bus bind explored
New options in bus bind explored JAKARTA (JP): City authorities are looking into alternatives to keep bus companies solvent and improve services after the government ruled out a hike in fares this year. Deputy Governor of Development and Economic Affairs, Tb.M. Rais said Monday the City Land Transportation Agency would study other options. "The city understands the government is taking into account all interests," Rais said.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Chocolate promotion
Chocolate promotion It was disturbing to read the article by Bruce Emond in The Jakarta Post (July 1) commenting on the late arrival of His Excellency, the Ambassador of Belgium at a recent promotion at the Mandarin Oriental, Jakarta. Mr. Emond, along with other journalists, had been invited to attend a luncheon prior to the official opening of our Chocolate- Chocolate promotion at KafeKafe.
Wed, 09 Jul 1997, 00:00 WIB
Moslem scholars and democracy
Moslem scholars and democracy By Masykuri Abdillah JAKARTA (JP): In accordance with the globalization trend, especially after the collapse of the Eastern European regimes, democracy is becoming an important factor of international relations as well as a subject of intensive debate in the Third World, including Moslem countries. Almost all governments in the world, even authoritarian ones, characterize their regimes and their aspirations as "democratic".