The History of Ondel-ondel, Jakarta's Iconic Betawi Giant Puppets

Ondel-ondel are far more than just giant puppets that once frightened children; they embody a profound philosophy. According to the Jakarta provincial government, the Betawi people originally created ondel-ondel as guardian symbols believed to ward off disturbances and protect residents from danger. Ondel-ondel always appear in pairs, with the male puppet’s red face symbolising bravery and strength, whilst the female’s white face represents kindness and purity.

Atop their heads sits a colourful decoration called kembang kelapa, symbolising hope, prosperity, and ever-growing life. In the past, these distinctive Betawi giant puppets had fierce, even fanged, faces. Over time, their appearance has been made more friendly, though their meaning as a symbol of protection remains unchanged. Today, ondel-ondel have evolved into one of the icons of Betawi culture, frequently appearing in various celebrations. In some areas of Jakarta, one can still encounter travelling ondel-ondel accompanied by traditional Betawi music.

Ondel-ondel often appear during Jakarta’s anniversary celebrations. The puppet’s frame is made from woven bamboo, making it light to carry. The head is crafted as a mask, while the hair is made from palm fibre wrapped in colourful paper to resemble real hair. During the traditional crafting process of these authentic Betawi giant puppets, offerings are typically prepared, including red and white porridge, seven kinds of rujak, seven types of flowers, and burning incense. Once completed, the ondel-ondel is also provided with offerings and incense, accompanied by the recitation of mantras to the spirits believed to reside within the giant puppet.

Ondel-ondel also frequently feature in performance arts. They do not parade alone but are accompanied by distinctive Betawi music, typically including drums, slit drums, tambourines, gongs, and Betawi violins, sometimes alongside pencak silat martial arts displays. The Jakarta provincial government has banned the use of ondel-ondel for begging, implementing this prohibition as a form of respect for the Betawi cultural heritage.