Health Risks and Anticipatory Measures Amidst Rising Global Temperatures

The Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) has predicted that the peak of the dry season in Indonesia will occur between July and September 2026. All levels of society are urged to begin anticipating this to ensure the availability of water, maintain health conditions, and keep multi-sectoral needs under control. As we enter July, it is crucial to be vigilant and understand the potential health impacts of the hot season.

This is not a new problem. The number of people worldwide exposed to extreme heat has increased due to climate change. Data from the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change indicates that heat-related mortality among the elderly rose by approximately 85% between the periods 2000-2004 and 2017-2021. Furthermore, a study published in the Lancet Planet Health in July 2021 estimated that between 2000 and 2019, there were roughly 489,000 heat-related deaths annually worldwide, with 45% occurring in Asia and 36% in Europe.

Excessive heat can have various adverse health effects. An individual’s vulnerability depends on physiological factors like age and health status, the nature of exposure including occupation and socioeconomic conditions, the timing, intensity, and duration of heat exposure, and the community’s adaptation and infrastructure. Heat accumulation in the body can result from metabolic processes unable to cope with high humidity and low wind flow, clothing that hinders heat release, and high environmental heat gain. Health impacts range from the exacerbation of chronic conditions like cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and diabetes, to musculoskeletal and mental disorders and kidney problems. Severe heat can cause acute conditions such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke, while also reducing work and school productivity and increasing the risk of accidents. Extreme heat waves are also linked to increased air pollution and can disrupt transportation, energy supplies, and even healthcare facilities.

To anticipate these health impacts, the World Health Organization recommends several measures. Individuals should avoid going outdoors during the hottest part of the day, seek shade, and use umbrellas or hats and appropriate clothing. It is important to keep homes, schools, and workplaces cool, not necessarily with air conditioning but by ensuring good ventilation. Maintaining hydration by drinking enough water and eating healthily, including fruits and vegetables, is essential. Vulnerable groups, particularly children and the elderly, require special protection; for instance, children should never be left in a closed car under the sun. The government also has a role to play by ensuring the availability of public parks, tree-lined areas, and a healthy environment.