Cyber Threats to Critical Infrastructure: The Challenges of National Digitalisation

Massive digital transformation across various sectors has brought fundamental changes to how organisations and industries operate. However, behind the efficiency offered, a serious challenge has emerged in the form of increasing cyber threats to the critical infrastructure that supports the economy and public services.

Critical infrastructure represents a strategic sector whose continuity determines national stability. Disruptions to these systems do not only impact a single organisation but can trigger a domino effect that paralyses public mobility, medical services, and national security.

Edwin Lim, Country Director of Fortinet Indonesia, explained that the adoption of Industry 4.0 technology has unified operational systems that were once isolated into digital networks. While this increases efficiency, such integration expands the ‘attack surface’ that hackers can exploit.

“Many operational systems are now fully controlled by technology. When these systems are connected to digital networks, their security risks also increase,” said Edwin. He noted that threat actors no longer need to physically damage hardware; instead, they can simply attack the computer systems that control them.

Based on the classification by the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), there are eight main sectors that serve as the backbone of national critical infrastructure.

One of the greatest obstacles in securing industrial infrastructure is the use of legacy systems or old devices that are decades old. These devices often no longer receive security updates, making them vulnerable points for ransomware attacks. Edwin assessed that replacing entire legacy systems is not a realistic solution for many organisations. A more appropriate approach is to manage risk through strict technical strategies.

Moving forward, the security of critical infrastructure is no longer merely a technical matter for IT departments, but a national strategic agenda. Cyber resilience has become a primary foundation for the continuity of public services, economic activities, and national stability amidst the acceleration of digital transformation.