Beyond Age: Key Triggers of Memory Decline in the Elderly

Cognitive decline in the elderly is becoming a serious health challenge, coinciding with the rising global burden of neurological disorders which now affects 3.4 billion people. Director of Health Services for Vulnerable Groups at the Ministry of Health, Imran Pambudi, revealed that this condition is triggered by a complex interaction between biological factors, chronic medical conditions, and social determinants.

Imran explained that cardiometabolic risk factors play a crucial role in triggering vascular damage in the brain. Diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, obesity, and a history of stroke are major contributors that accelerate the decline of brain function in older age groups.

“In addition to medical factors, sleep disorders, depression, chronic stress, and genetic factors also increase vulnerability. Social determinants such as low education, poverty, and social isolation further reduce cognitive reserve and limit access to health services,” Imran told Media Indonesia on Monday (22/6).

In Indonesia, the urgency of addressing this issue is increasing given the projected ageing population. By 2025, the number of elderly people aged 60 and above is estimated to reach 34 million, or about 11.9% of the total population. This condition is accompanied by an estimated more than 2 million cases of dementia, with Alzheimer’s accounting for over 60% of national cases.

As a mitigation measure, the government is promoting a comprehensive healthy ageing approach that includes promotive, preventive, and restorative pillars. Modifiable protective factors that can slow cognitive decline include optimal nutrition and regular physical activity. Imran emphasised that these interventions not only support brain function but also prevent frailty and maintain mobility in the elderly.