Indonesia's only glacier at Puncak Jaya in Papua experienced a dramatic 66 per cent decline in thickness between December 2022 and December 2023—shrinking from six metres to two metres—due to El Niño conditions and accelerating climate change. The glacier has contracted from 19 square kilometres in 1850 to just 0.34 square kilometres by May 2022, exemplifying the severe impact of global warming on tropical glaciers worldwide. The Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency emphasises the urg