Upgraded Deep Blue has the answers
By Kristianus Liem
JAKARTA (JP): The supercomputer Deep Blue made chess history when he beat Garry Kasparov 3,5-2,5 for an overall victory in their six-game rematch, in Manhattan, New York, between May 5 and May 11, 1997.
Deep Blue wins game two and six and three draws. The 34-year- old Kasparov won the first game. This is the first time a computer has triumphed over reigning world champion in a classical chess match.
Today Deep Blue is different than fifteen months before when Kasparov beat it 4-2. In preparation for the rematch, the IBM team upgraded the computer. The new deep Blue is a 32-node IBM RS/6000 SP high-performance computer built around 30 Power Two Super Chip processors (P2SC). Each node houses a single micro- channel and eight of the aforementioned special chess processors, allowing it to examine twice as many chess positions a second as the original Deep Blue. This 1.4-ton, 6-foot 5-inch, dual chassis machine can calculate close to 200 billion positions in the 3 minutes allotted for each move in regulation play.
But Kasparov lost the match because he is a human. Take the fourth game. In that game Kasparov had initiative and a superior position for almost all of the game. But when the time pressure came, when he has to make his last few moves in a hurry as he strived to reach the first "time control" on the 40th move, he slipped. He made a weak move, and than errors crept into his play. When questioned by commentator MI Maurice Ashley about a winning possibility near the end of the game, Kasparov replied: "I was tired and I could not figure it out." Here is the game.
White: Deep Blue
Black: GM Garry Kasparov
Caro-Kann Defense
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d6
Out of book. Kasparov sticks to his anticomputer opening strategy.
3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Bg4 5.h3 Bh5 6.Bd3 e6 7.Qe2 d5
Black's opening strategy is now clear. His light-squared Bishop has been developed outside the pawn chain and will sooner or later be exchanged off. At the same time Black erects a light- squared barricade in the centre, so that if the pawn structure becomes blocked he will be left with his "good" Bishop. The cost is the tempo wasted in playing ...d6 and ...d5, although in the relatively closed positions which result, this tempo is not of great significance.
8.Bg5
The text is a new move. White has tried 8.exd5 Bxf3 9.Qxf3 cxd5 10.0-0 Nc6 11.Ne2 Be7 12.c3 0-0 13.Bf4 a6 14.Ng3 b5 with equality, Chernyshov-Maiwald, Dresden Open 1995.
8...Be7 9.e5 Nfd7 10.Bxe7 Qxe7 11.g4 Bg6 12.Bxg6?
A clear mistake, because the h8-Rook is activated against the backward pawn on h3. The game has transposed into pattern that is very similar to a Steinitz French. It's more natural to play 0-0- 0, then aim to move the Knight from f3 and play f4-f5. After trade of Bishop's on g6, Black has a very comfortable game.
12...hxg6 13.h4 Na6 14.0-0-0 0-0-0 15.Rdg1 Nc7 16.Kb1 f6
This is a risky move because it compromises his pawn structure, but it also gives him a chance to counter-attack.
17.exf6 Qxf6!
An excellent and combative move. The obvious continuation was 17...gxf6 18.g5 f5 19.Ne5 Nxe5 20.Qxe5 The result would be a general opening up of the king-side, when White's Rook appear well-placed on h1 and g1.
18.Rg3 Rde8 19.Re1 Rhf8 20.Nd1 e5
This is what Kasparov has been building up to over the last few moves. From a position where his pieces were cramped, blocked behind their own pawn, this long-term pawn sacrifice liberates his entire army.
21.dxe5 Qf4 22.a3 Ne6 23.Nc3 Ndc5 24.b4?
This was clearly the point of White's previous move; to be able to expel the Knight from c5 without it landing on e4. But the time White gains is nothing compared to the serious weakening of his King position.
24...Nd7 25.Qd3 Qf7 26.b5?
Another amazing decision. After denying Black the c5-square it promptly gives it up to launch an attack.
26...Ndc5 27.Qe3 Qf4 28.bxc6 bxc6 29.Rd1 Kc7 30.Ka1 Qxe3
By this stage Kasparov had 14 minutes left to make his remaining 10 moves, so he did not want anything too complicated on the board, but with it he throws away some, though not all, of his advantage. The move 30...Rf7 followed by Ref8 would increase the pressure to the point where White would be close to cracking.
31.fxe3 Rf7 32.Rh3 Ref8 33.Nd4 Rf2 34.Rb1 Rg2 35.Nce2 Rxg4?!
Garry was under a little time trouble at this stage and quickly snapped off the g-pawn regaining material equality. In the post-mortem he correctly questioned this decision and indicated that 35...Rff2 was correct when 36.Nxe6+ Nxe6 37.Nd4 Nxd4 38.exd4 Rxc2 39.Rb4! a5! would have given himself excellent winning chances.
36.Nxe6+ Nxe6 37.Nd4 Nxd4 38.exd4 Rxd4 39.Rg1 Rc4 40.Rxg6 Rxc2 41.Rxg7+ Kb6 42.Rb3+ Kc5 43.Rxa7
See diagram. White is once again a pawn up, but his three scattered pawns are far less dangerous than Black's two connected passed pawns. Moreover, Black's King is active whereas White's is trapped on the back rank and subjected to mating threats from the enemy Rooks. The position should be winning for Black.
43...Rf1+?
This move effectively loses a vital tempo. The simplest win was by 43...Kc4 44.Rab7 c5 45.Rb2 (45.e6 Re2) 45...Rxb2 46.Rxb2 d4 47.e6 (47.Rc2+ Kb3 48.Kb1 d3) 47...d3 48.Rg2 Kc3 and Black's pawns are too strong.
44.Rb1 Rff2 45.Rb4!
Had Kasparov overlooked that this move threatens mate in one?
45...Rc1+ 46.Rb1 Rcc2 47.Rb4 Rc1+
The try 47...Ra2+!? 48.Kb1 Rxa3 49.Rxa3 Kxb4 50.Rh3! Re2 51.h5 Rxe5 52.h6 Re8 53.h7 Rh8 54.Kc2 with a comfortable draw for White.
48.Rb1 Rxb1+ 49.Kxb1
Even though White is a pawn up it is Black who has the winning chances.
49...Re2 50.Re7 Rh2 51.Rh7 Kc4?
Now the game appear to be a draw. The correct move was 51...d4! 52.Rc7 (52.e6 Re2 53.e7 Kc4 54.a4 d3 55.a5 Re1+ 56.Kb2 d2 Black wins) 52...Rxh4 53.e6 Re4 54.e7 Kd6 the point is revealed: White loses his e-pawn.
52.Rc7!
Good move. This prevents Black from using his King very actively as he will always have to watch the c-pawn.
52...c5 53.e6 Rxh4 54.e7 Re4 55.a4 Kb3
The position is just drawn. With the Rook actively placed on c7, Black can only advance his pawns very slowly, too slowly to beat White's a-pawn to the queening square.
56.Kc1
Draw. 1/2-1/2