Saving Kerinci Seblat National Park
By Wiryono
SUNGAI PENUH, Jambi (JP): Kerinci Seblat National Park, better known as TNKS (Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat), is the second largest national park in Indonesia. It covers an area of more than 1.3 million hectares in the heart of the Bukit Barisan mountain range in nine regencies in four provinces, namely, Jambi, Bengkulu, South Sumatra and West Sumatra.
The centerpiece of the park is the active volcano, Kerinci Mountain, the second highest peak in Indonesia. Surrounding it is a wide range of habitats from lowland dipterocarp (tall hardwood) forest to montane and alpine ecosystems.
The very high biodiversity of TNKS has been internationally recognized and the park is designated as an ASEAN Heritage Site. Several endangered big mammals, such as Sumatran tiger, Sumatran rhinoceros, Asian elephant and clouded leopard live in the park.
The park is home to more than 4,000 species of plants, including the world's largest (Raflesia arnoldi) and tallest Amorphophallus titanium flowers.
The park also has a major hydrological function, since it is the water catchment area for major watersheds in four provinces, such as Batanghari river in Jambi, Batangsangir and Indrapura in West Sumatra, Rawas and Rupit in South Sumatra, and Manjunto and Ipuh in Bengkulu.
About 25 large and small rivers originate in this park. The vegetation cover of the park is vital for river stream regulation, flood prevention, erosion and landslide control. The park is, therefore, essential for soil conservation. Due to its vastness, the vegetation of the park is also important in stabilizing the regional climate.
Threats
All the vital functions of the park are now in jeopardy. Encroachment and illegal logging are rampant and have been intensifying in the last two years. Poverty and lack of education of local villagers contribute significantly to the problem.
With no skill other than farming, local people have little choice but to clear the forest. There are more than 1.75 million people living near or within the park. Weak law enforcement aggravates the preservation problem.
Only about 100 forest rangers are available to control a border that is 2,635 kilometers long. Limited in number and ill equipped, the park rangers have little power to stop encroachment and illegal logging, especially those backed by corrupt military personnel. The lax law enforcement indicates that the regional governments have little political incentive to protect the park.
Ironically, threats to the park integrity also are coming from the regional governments. Currently, the Governor of Jambi has proposed new road construction that will run across the park.
This road will improve access to several areas in Kerinci regency, a large enclave inside the park. The government and parliament of Kerinci support the proposal since the new road would stimulate economic growth and increase regional income.
However, park management and environmental activists are against this proposal because the new road would further fragment the delicate habitat, a condition detrimental to wildlife survival.
Besides, improved access to the park would lead to increased illegal logging, poaching and encroachment.
Fortunately, the Ministry of Home Affairs has turned down the new road proposal because the Indonesian Government has agreed with the World Bank (WB) not to build new roads inside the park during the implementation of the Kerinci Seblat Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) funded by the WB Global Environmental Facility.
Although new road construction will not proceed, the threat to the park is still strong. There is a growing negative attitude among regional government officials toward the park. They view the park as a hindrance to regional economic development.
The regent of Kerinci has demanded a share of income from the forest. As the era of regional autonomy approaches, their demands that the park contribute to the regional income are growing.
If the park manager fails to respond to this demand wisely, the fate of TNKS may follow that of Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan. It is now occupied by local villagers and part of it has become plantation.
Possible solutions
To find an easy, quick solution to this complex problem is impossible. To arrive at a win-win solution, the problem requires long, intensive, genuine communication and hard work among all concerned.
This problem is a part of the greater problem facing the Indonesian government in the forest resource management. In the last few decades, local people and local governments have not been actively involved in the management of forest resources, and have gained little economic benefit from forest industry.
It is understandable that they now demand greater access and control of the forest resources. Sometimes, however, their demands conflict with conservation efforts, as is in TNKS.
To arrive at an acceptable solution, the park manager, his staff and environmental activists, must listen to the demands of the local people and the local government.
They should show their understanding of local economic problems and genuinely try to help solve them. Having shown their genuine sympathy, they can explain the importance of TNKS for conservation of soil, water climate and biodiversity.
Since poverty threatens the integrity of TNKS, the park office and environmental activists need to help the local government to alleviate those problems.
Such a project is actually being conducted in TNKS through ICDP. One component of ICDP is village area development aimed at improving the economic conditions of people living around the park. The project gives funds directly to the villagers.
However, due to limited budget, not all villages get money, and this situation may cause envy, which in turn may worsen encroachment in the villages that do not receive funds.
Also, there seems to be a lack of communication between the park manager and other government offices because appreciation of ICDC is low. Therefore, improving communication is a key factor in solving the problem.
Communication with the public should also include the mass media in order to get support for TNKS conservation. Articles and news in mass media are very effective for creating public opinion. Negative opinions expressed in the mass media, usually based on ignorance, about environmental values should be countered with positive ones. The benefit of conservation to mankind, especially those living near the park need to be explained.
In the long term, environmental education should be added in local curriculum content, from elementary school through high school.
Meanwhile, the park manager needs support of law enforcement, because, without strong law enforcement all conservation efforts will be useless. He has to convince the regional army chiefs, police chiefs, the regents and the governors in the four provinces that it is to their best interest to maintain the integrity of the park.
Environmental issues are a crucial issue. If the Government of Indonesia is not serious in protecting the environment, it may not benefit from loans and grants from international donors. Worse situations could occur if international environmental organizations campaign to boycott Indonesian products.
If the Indonesian Government is serious about conservation, it might get debt reduction through a Debt for Nature Swap scheme. This scheme enables a debtor country to repay debts by instituting conservation efforts.
Several developing countries have been successful in reducing their debt through this scheme. Even better, when Kyoto Protocol takes into effect (probably in 2008), Indonesia could receive a large amount of money by keeping the forests intact. As carbon pollutants sink, forests reduce carbon dioxide pollution. As the owner of the forests, Indonesia may request compensation to the carbon dioxide polluting countries.
The park manager and environmental activists have to convince local people and government that in the near future TNKS will not only protect soil fertility, prevent flood, erosion and landslides, and protect wildlife, but it will also bring money.
This can happen only if we maintain the integrity of TNKS. This is not an easy task. It requires a long process of intensive genuine communication and hard work among all concerned parties. However hard it is, we must not give up. If we do, we will lose TNKS, and we are bound for disaster.
The writer is a PhD in ecology currently teaching at the school of forestry, Universitas Bengkulu, and a consultant of Kerinci Seblat Integrated Conservation and Development Project.