Removal of Laksamana bad for RI
Removal of Laksamana bad for RI
By Jeffrey A. Winters
CHICAGO (JP): President Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) showed
poor judgment when he fired Laksamana Sukardi from the Cabinet.
No one can disagree that a president should be able to choose
ministers he can work with and who can work with each other.
This is surely a minimum requirement for effective governance.
But ousting Laksamana was a mistake, and the way it was done was
disgraceful. To lump the firing of a man with an impeccable
record for honesty like Laksamana together with Yusuf Kalla, who
is suspected of corruption (which the latter has been denied --
Ed.) is an injustice.
Even Gen. Wiranto, facing charges of crimes against humanity
in East Timor, received more respectful treatment at the hands of
Gus Dur.
Indonesians deserve to know who conspired to remove Laksamana
and they have a right to know why.
After more than three decades of authoritarian rule, Indonesia
has a severe shortage of quality leaders untainted by corruption
and dedicated more to the betterment of the country than their
own personal (or factional) enrichment or egos.
Laksamana is one such leader. His removal from the government
marks a dark day for the country.
It is unfair to charge Laksamana with being slow or
ineffective. As a minister, he was constantly undercut from above
and below. He had insufficient backing from Vice President
Megawati Soekarnoputri, faced open hostility from the new
leadership of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI
Perjuangan), and was not a close confidant of Gus Dur (though
their relationship was regarded as friendly and professional).
What went wrong for Laksamana? Sincere in his campaign pledges
-- made with and through Megawati -- in early November 1999, he
immediately set a strong standard for rule of law and
demonstrated a low tolerance for the typical corrupt games of
Indonesian elite politics. This fits well rhetorically with the
new government, but in fact it caused friction.
It is not an exaggeration to say that no minister started
faster and more aggressively than Laksamana. With a fresh audit
from PriceWaterhouseCoopers showing multibillion dollar losses at
Pertamina, he immediately tried and failed to get control of this
largest of state companies in an effort to clean it up through
what he called "shock therapy." He was undercut from above.
Initially Laksamana was responsible for the health of the
state banks, though this part of his portfolio was snatched away
by his political competitors.
He understood the intimate connection between taking firm
action against corruption to establish rule of law on the one
hand and Indonesia's credibility as a predictable destination for
new investment on the other.
When he discovered that a well-connected businessman had
severely damaged the capital position of a state bank through
questionable borrowing, he moved fast to raise the obvious and
serious allegations of wrongdoing to the House of Representatives
and attorney general.
This was the infamous Texmaco case. But in time-honored
Indonesian tradition, the accuser quickly became the accused, and
a fairly straightforward case turned into an absurd political
debate focusing more on criticizing Laksamana than those
responsible for the bank's heavy losses.
The elite ran for cover and the already corrupt together with
the soon to be corrupt closed ranks. The Texmaco case made
Laksamana an overnight hero of the people.
But for many in the power elite he was a villain. Even those
within his own party, PDI Perjuangan, turned against him,
undercutting the lofty campaign themes that Eros Djarot
formulated and Megawati presented.
Being a "team player" in Indonesia often means going along
with business as usual and showing a willingness to compromise
even your most basic principles.
Laksamana showed early signs that he was unwilling to be this
kind of team player, and that he did not accept the delicate
rules of corrupt elite politics that are as alive and well today
in the country as they were throughout the Soeharto regime.
In the eyes of the new status quo, it was clear that Laksamana
was a troublemaker who had to be isolated and, if possible,
pushed out.
He did not stop with the Texmaco case. Fully aware that state
enterprises in Indonesia were being used by political players to
grab rich resources, Laksamana was determined to use his power to
block the ordinary skimming from the people's corporations.
The established practice is that men who want to lead or
attain high positions in state firms must pay a fee (upeti) for
the opportunity. This could be hundreds of thousands or even
millions of dollars, depending on how rich the company is.
Laksamana blocked this game by introducing a new rule --
candidates must meet a "fit and proper" test to qualify. And
worse, he said, he wanted to use outside experts in the
assessment process for top posts in the state companies --
people, he hoped, who would be beyond the reach of the dirty
money game.
This was shocking news for those eager to get their share of
the leftovers from the feeding frenzy of the Soeharto decades.
In a sense, it is a step forward for Laksamana to be driven
from the Cabinet. He was wasting his time and abilities there.
What good is it to fight with fellow ministers and the
bureaucracy when the state's economic policies lack direction and
vision?
Why speak out for stronger rule of law when past criminals can
so easily defy the legal system and future criminals are so
hungry to have their chance to get rich overnight? And why travel
the globe trying to attract and reassure potential investors when
the country is facing multiple bloody regional conflicts, rumors
of possible coups, increasing levels of mob violence and
vigilante street justice and calls for holy wars?
Only a foolish businessman with no alternatives would risk his
investments in such an environment.
A word about motivation is in order, since this is something
Indonesians are always so suspicious about. No one could claim
that Laksamana wanted to become a minister so he could get rich
or be famous.
He was already financially comfortable before he dedicated his
life and resources to the principles he wanted PDI Perjuangan to
uphold. He is rather a shy man who does not feel at ease in front
of crowds or in the glare of TV cameras.
In fact, he expended most of his personal resources to support
a movement for democracy when other elites lacked the guts or
inclination to do the same. For almost all of the 1990s, his
colleagues in the business world feared being seen with him in
public.
Did he struggle and make these sacrifices because he hoped he
could cash in later, become a minister, and become even richer?
Definitely not. No rational person hoping to get rich would have
joined Megawati and the PDI Perjuangan as Laksamana did in the
early 1990s.
Every indication was that Soeharto and his dynasty would
remain entrenched for the foreseeable future. Laksamana actually
got poorer as a minister, not richer.
When his ministry's budget was too limited for travel or
staff, he was sometimes forced to dip into his own personal
savings as a supplement in the hope of getting the job done. Who
else in the Cabinet ever did this?
He made sacrifices and struggled for two simple reasons --
because he genuinely is a democrat and believes in the inherent
worth of the struggle for justice, and because he loves Indonesia
and the Indonesian people more than he loves the security money
can bring.
One wonders what sorts of political forces worked to attack
such a noble and dedicated figure as this. Who was whispering in
the ear of Gus Dur this time and what were they saying so that
the President would fire a loyal and distinguished member of the
Cabinet in such a callous manner?
If there is a lack of coordination in the Cabinet, the blame
obviously falls not on individual ministers, but on the
President, Vice President and coordinating ministers.
The firing of Laksamana is one of those watershed events that
will ultimately define Gus Dur's government when tough questions
are asked (whether in August or in the history books) about how
much has been accomplished to confront collusion, corruption and
nepotism.
Instead of firing Laksamana, Gus Dur should have given him a
strong green light.
Laksamana will be better able to serve his principles and his
nation from a position outside the government. My guess is that
if he has any regrets, it is that he did not resign months ago
when it became frustratingly obvious to him that working inside
the system was not likely to produce the economic recovery,
reforms and justice he and his colleagues promised to the people.
Now that he is out, perhaps Laksamana should consider
establishing an independent institute through which he and others
can carry on the struggle for good governance.
The writer is a professor of political economy at Northwestern
University in Chicago in the United States.