List of civilian militias based on political, ideological affiliations

List of civilian militias based on political, ideological affiliations

Affiliated with the Indonesian Military (TNI):

Organisasi Pagar Desa: Founded in the 1950s by A.H. Nasution
to help TNI eliminate Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia
(DI/TII) separatist rebels; militaristic, co-opted by the
government.

Angkatan Muda Siliwangi/Angkatan Muda Diponegoro: Founded in
the 1970s by Ali Murtopo to support Golkar's victory and to fight
against student demonstrations; militaristic, co-opted by the
government.

Makikit: Founded in 1976 by the Army's Special Force
(Kopassus) to help TNI deal with Fretilin/East Timor pro-
independence fighters; militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Baladi Karya: Founded in 1963 by Soksi to help TNI eliminate
the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI); militaristic, co-opted by
the government.

Pam Swakarsa: Founded in 1998 by Abdul Gafur to secure the
General Session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR);
militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Front Pembela Islam (FPI): Founded in 1998 by Habib Muhammad
Rizieq Shihab to secure the MPR's General Session and combat
drugs and immoral acts; militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Affiliated with B.J. Habibie:

Front Bersama Umat Islam: Founded by Eggy Sujana in 1999 to
secure the MPR's General Session and fight against pro-
Megawati/critical students; political Islamic-based, co-opted by
the government.

Affiliated with Soeharto:

Satgas (Task Force) Tebas: Founded in 1998 by Dion Adikusumah
to secure the MPR's General Session and handle pro-
Megawati/critical students; militaristic, co-opted by the
government.

Affiliated with Muhammadiyah:

Kokam: Founded in 1965 by Muhammadiyah to eliminate the PKI;
modernist Islamic-based, co-opted by the government.

Affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama (NU):

Pelopor Banser/Corps Disipliner Banser (CDB): Founded by KH
Muhyiddin Abdusshomad to protect kyai (Muslim clerics) while
campaigning; traditional Islamic-based, autonomous.

Pagar Nusa: Founded by Lora Cholil to secure NU
events/activities, traditional Islamic-based, autonomous.

Affiliated with the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI Perjuangan):

Satgas Wirapati: Founded in 1997 by Soesilo Muslim to secure
PDI Perjuangan's events/activities and secure Megawati's way to
the presidential post; secular nationalist-based, autonomous.

Banteng Tengkorak: Founded in 1998 by Krismas Irmono to secure
Megawati's way to the presidential post; secular nationalist-
based, autonomous.

Affiliated with the United Development Party (PPP):

Gerakan Pemuda Ka'bah: Founded in 1998 by A.M. Saefuddin to
secure Habibie's way to the presidential post; political Islamic-
based, co-opted by the government.

Definitions of militia, paramilitary groups

Paramilitary groups are civilian organizations which may or
may not adopt military symbols but all assume or have tasks
similar to those of the police or military forces. (Ikrar Nusa
Bhakti, researcher with LIPI)

Semi-military groups are groups of civilians undergoing
military-style exercises, usually carrying weapons such as clubs
or swords, and performing tasks similar to that of the police or
military forces. (Bambang Purnomo, professor of law at Gadjah
Mada University)

Militia is a quasi-professional military. (Premanisme Politik,
a book published by ISAI).

Militia is a military organization of citizens with limited
military training, which is available for emergency service,
usually for local defense. (The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,
1995)

Paramilitary forces include a growing number of diverse
organizations that have adopted a military structure, follow
military indoctrination and training methods, and largely perform
ancillary military functions that approximate, but rarely
duplicate, all of the tasks carried out by regular or
professional military forces. (International Military and Defense
Encyclopedia, 1993)

-- Sri Wahyuni