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Most boxer death are caused by bleeding under the brain membrane or subdural hematoma.

Any direct hit on the head could tear blood vessels under the brain membrane, which cause a hematoma that pressured the brain tissue.

The high pressure from the hematoma added with a swollen brain, or oedema, from the impact damaged the nerve centers that were responsible for, among others, respiratory system, which eventually lead to fatality.

"It does not matter how many blows you take on your head. One direct hit had the probability to kill you," Tommy Halauwet.

A trained punch from a professional boxer of any class is equal to 100kg to 200kg impact on one's head.

Boxers must train themselves in receiving blows with double covers, which could absorb more than 50 percent of the impact before they reach the head.

Another way is a boxer should master head waving skillfully to avoid the punches.

Last but not least, in training sessions or sparring matches boxers should wear head guard just like those in the amateur.

Beside head injury, blow in other parts in the body could also be as dangerous, although not as lethal.

A blow to the heart could cause bleeding inside the heart chambers.

A direct hit to the lungs could break a rib, which could puncture the lung.

Meanwhile, a punch on the upper belly could also break a rib and puncture the lever.

Source: Indonesian Boxing Commission (KTI) medical expert Tommy Halauwet

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