Democracy in Myanmar: Who care?

Amitav Acharya, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, Singapore

A July 2005 agreement among the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) that Myanmar would relinquish its turn at the chairmanship has averted a major diplomatic crisis for the organization. Western nations, including the United States and the European Union, who attend the annual ASEAN meetings as "dialog partners," had threatened to boycott the 2006 meeting if Myanmar was in the chair.

Founded in 1967, ASEAN now includes 10 countries of Southeast Asia. Under its rotational leadership, Myanmar, which joined the group in 1997, was due to assume the chairmanship of its Standing Committee in 2006.

The Western dialog partners of ASEAN are protesting against continued political repression and human rights abuses by the Myanmarese regime, which has ruled the country since 1962. The regime has refused to accept the result of the 1990 national election, which was won by the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD). The party leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, has since spent most of her time under detention.

By giving up its claim to lead ASEAN in 2006, the junta managed to take the heat off the question of domestic reform. And ASEAN avoided a Western boycott of its 2006 meeting. But without more focused action by ASEAN and the international community to move Myanmar towards democracy, the move will be little more than ASEAN's traditional practice of sweeping problems under the carpet.

The discussion in Laos was not about how to improve the political situation in the country. The issue was Myanmar's leadership, rather than membership in ASEAN. ASEAN has not made Myanmar's continued membership of the association subject to political reform.

ASEAN has been reluctant to push Myanmar towards political reform out of deference to its doctrine of non-interference. The Myanmarese junta has started drafting a new constitution, due to be completed in 2007, which it says would lead to political liberalization. Presumably, this would make Myanmar eligible to assume the leadership in ASEAN.

ASEAN members agree and hope that this will be the case. But its Western partners dismiss the constitution-drafting process. Suu Kyi and her party have boycotted the National Convention drafting the constitution, whose delegates were hand-picked and tightly controlled by the junta. The Bush administration in May 2004 stated that because "Yangoon's constitutional convention has not allowed for substantive dialog and the full participation of all political groups, including the NLD, it lacks legitimacy." If approved by a popular majority in the electorate in a free and fair referendum -- which is by no means guaranteed -- the constitution would still accord the military a privileged position in the political system, including sole claim to the presidency.

ASEAN's role in Myanmar has been very different from its role in the Cambodia conflict during the 1980s, when it led efforts to find a peaceful settlement to the dispute, which resulted in the Paris Peace Agreement in 1991. That conflict was originally a civil war, although it had been internationalized by Vietnamese intervention and occupation of Cambodia. There has been no outside intervention in Myanmar, which is one justification for ASEAN's hands-off policy. But Myanmar has proven to be a major embarrassment for ASEAN.

ASEAN's diplomatic options in dealing with Myanmar are limited by intra-mural differences within the grouping over how to deal with the junta. Some members -- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore -- are increasingly concerned about the group's relationship with Western nations, if not its international public reputation per se. Thus, these ASEAN countries want to see the association play a role in nudging the junta to reform. Others, like Vietnam, stick to the principle of non-interference, and are worried about setting a precedent of allowing regionalist pressure for domestic political reform -- a precedent that would likely come back to haunt them.

ASEAN's capacity for inducing political reform in Myanmar is also constrained by the fact that the junta has secured backing from both China and India, its two most powerful neighbors, playing them against one other. Hence, the junta can ignore any demand for political change that ASEAN may bring to bear on it.

China and India are critical to any intervention by the international community in Myanmar. But is the West really interested in advancing political change in Myanmar? There is no serious diplomatic effort ongoing today -- of the kind one finds in Sri Lanka or Aceh -- that might help bring about political reconciliation in Myanmar. The Bush administration snubbed ASEAN by canceling Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice's attendance at the Vientiane meeting. But this posturing was almost entirely cost-free, thanks to good bilateral relations with key Asian nations, as indicated by a separate Rice stopover in Bangkok before the Vientiane meeting. Diplomatic snubs and economic sanctions are no substitute for a policy of seeking a solution to Myanmar's political woes.

Myanmar's strategic location or economic potential may be apparent to India and China, but not to the US. Myanmar is not regarded by the Bush administration as a terrorist haven, although it claims to side with the US on the war on terror, supposedly against extremist elements among its Rohingya Muslim minority. When asked by the author as to why the US is not actively seeking a role in the Myanmar problem, a senior official in the first Bush administration replied that because there is no significant domestic interest or constituency in the United States pushing for such a role. The administration's democracy- promotion agenda does not extend to Myanmar, despite the fact that Secretary Rice named Myanmar as one of six "outposts of tyranny" during her Senate confirmation hearing in January.

Yet, a diplomatic effort backed by the US and involving Myanmar's giant Asian neighbors would be necessary and timely. Denying Myanmar the chairmanship of ASEAN is good posturing, but it does not advance the cause of democratic transformation in the country. If the US could engage in six-party negotiations involving China, Japan, Russia, and South Korea to deal with the North Korea problem, why should it not encourage a similar move involving China, India, and ASEAN to deal with the Myanmar issue?

The international community needs to prove that while taking a moral high ground on Myanmar's crisis; it must also offer concrete ideas and approaches to advance the democratization and national reconciliation process beyond the current policy of sanctions and boycott. A necessary step in that direction would be a new diplomatic initiative to persuade the Yangoon regime to broaden the constitution-drafting process -- with the participation of freed opposition leaders and a firm time-table for internationally-supervised elections. Such an initiative could be spearheaded jointly by ASEAN, China and India, with the backing of the US and the EU and other members of the international community.

Ultimately, ASEAN must come out of its non-interference closet and address the issue head-on. Otherwise, its hands-off approach will continue to cloud its legitimacy and credibility as a regional organization with a mandate for seeking "regional solutions to regional problems."

Amitav Acharya is Deputy Director and Head of Research at the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University.