Contract guarantees rights of mining contractors

Contract guarantees rights of mining contractors

JAKARTA (JP): Mining investors and the Indonesian government
must agree on a contract of work (COW) before exploration work
can start, Minister of Mines and Energy I.B. Sudjana says.

"I should reaffirm here that a COW guarantees the right to
mine for the contractor which found the economically viable
mineral deposits," Sudjana said Wednesday.

Sudjana added that all basic provisions in a COW, especially
those regarding taxation and other financial obligations, should
not be changed during the validity of the COW.

The minister, as instructed by President Soeharto two weeks
ago, prepared a statement on mining sector policy and released it
after the cabinet meeting Wednesday.

The explanation was given in response to criticism that the
government's mining policy, especially in relation to foreign
contractors, does not generate the greatest benefits for the
people as required by the constitution.

The following are excerpts from Sudjana's statement:

The government has divided the mining sector into two major
areas:

1. General mines, which are governed by Law No.11/1967 on
general mining and Law No.11/1967 on foreign capital investment.

2. Oil and natural gas mining, which is governed by Law
No.8/1971 on the state oil and natural gas mining company,
Pertamina.

Oil and natural gas mining projects are based on a production-
sharing contract (PSC) in line with Article 12 of Law No.8/1971.
General mining operations are based on a contract of work (COW)
in line with Article 10 of Law No.11/1967 on basic regulations in
general mining.

Mining operations by contractors cover five stages of work:

a. The stage of general surveys (usually lasting between three
and five years).

b. The stage of exploration (between three and five years).

c. The stage of feasibility studies (for about one year).

d. The stage of construction (around three years).

e. Exploitation and production (30 years).

A contractor may wait between eight and 12 years from the
general surveying stage before embarking on production.

Risky

Given the amount of investment needed in all the stages and
the unpredictable results, mining investments are highly risky.

Between 1967 and 1994, for example, 131 COWs were awarded but
only 10 have reached the production stage. Ninety others were
stopped after failing to discover commercially viable deposits,
while the other 41 contractors are still in the exploration
stage.

General surveys and explorations are usually financed by
equity capital (a contractor's own money) because financing from
banks or the capital market is only made available when
feasibility studies on mineral deposits yield positive results.

The economic value of a mineral is strongly determined by the
prevailing market price of that particular commodity. A delay in
production could result in the loss of an opportunity to develop
the mineral deposits.

Agreement

A COW is an agreement between the government and an investor
(contractor) which must be a company incorporated under
Indonesian law.

A COW stipulates all aspects of mining operations, including
technology, financing, taxation, legal matters, manpower,
environment and area development.

A COW must first be agreed upon by the government and an
investor before exploration can begin.

A COW must follow the following procedures:

a. Approval from the Ministry of Mines and Energy

b. Approval from the Investment Coordinating Board

c. Consultations with the House of Representatives to obtain a
recommendation.

d. Approval from the President

A COW requires the contractor to:

- Conduct explorations as intensively as possible and to
report its results to the government.

- Pay taxes and other financial obligations, such as land
rents, production royalties, local taxes and other local levies
in line with the law.

- Bear all risks involved in mining operations.

- Report to the government all mining activities.

- Conduct environment-friendly mining operations.

- Give top priority to the employment of Indonesians and the
use of domestic goods and services.

- Give top priority to the fulfillment of domestic needs when
the mineral is being produced.

- Insofar as it is technically and economically feasible, to
process the mineral in Indonesia.

Government receipts from a general mining contractor are
derived mainly from land rents, royalties and taxes. The
royalties range from 1 percent to 2 percent of the value of the
output, depending on the type of mineral and production capacity.
The corporate income tax ranges from 30 percent to 45 percent,
depending on the prevailing taxation laws. The tax on dividends
ranges from 7.5 percent to 20 percent of the dividends paid out
to the shareholders.

Principles

A COW holds to two basic principles:

1. A COW guarantees the right to mine for the contractor
which discovered the commercially viable mineral deposits.

2. All basic provisions in the COW, especially the ones on
taxation and other financial obligations, shall not change during
the validity (30 years) of the COW.

The government has amended the COW concept five times, with
each amendment producing a new generation of COW. Around 70
applications for sixth generation COWs have been endorsed by the
House of Representatives.

In the meantime, 230 other applications for seventh generation
COWs are being evaluated, 176 of which are ready for House
consultation. (vin)