Confronting a new battlefield in Thailand

Bertil Lintner, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, Bangkok

In early November, a Buddhist village leader was beheaded in Thailand's Muslim-dominated south. It is too soon to say whether this incident was an isolated outrage or the beginning of a wave of revenge attacks for the Oct. 25 deaths of at least 84 Muslims in the hands of Thai security forces.

But the bloody incident in Narathiwat has exacerbated the already tense situation in the south -- and caused a rift between Thailand and its Islamic neighbor and partner in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Malaysia. Many now fear that the Thai Buddhist majority may be drawn into a broader Islamic struggle.

Anti-Malaysian demonstrations were held outside the Thai embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, and Dhaka after former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad suggested creating an autonomous region in the southern provinces as a solution. Elsewhere in the Muslim world, the incident caused an outcry, making headlines for days on www.islamonline.net, an Islamic electronic news bulletin read by Muslims worldwide.

The crisis has also affected Thailand's reputation as a stable recipient of foreign investment and tourism. Immediately after the beheading, foreign investors began selling their Thai stocks, pushing the Stock Exchange of Thailand down 4.6 percent from the week before.

The Thai government, however, maintains that the protesters were not that innocent. The situation began when the police in Tak Bai arrested six young men suspected of stealing army weapons and giving them to local Islamic militants.

A crowd gathered outside the police station, and security forces opened fire and detained more than 1,300 people. Six demonstrators were shot dead, and 78 of those arrested suffocated when they were stacked on top of each other on the back of army trucks.

Unrest in Thailand's south is nothing new. But authorities are cracking down harder because the nature of the unrest is changing. The three southern provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat once formed Pattani, an independent Muslim sultanate populated by ethnic Malays.

Even after its Thai annexation in 1932, however, Pattani had its own sultans until 1902, when Abdul Qadir Qamaruddin, the last ruler, was deposed and imprisoned. Pattani was then carved up into three provinces, and administered from Bangkok.

Bangkok has since tried to assimilate the southerners into the Thai mainstream, but with limited success. Armed rebellions led by descendants of the Pattani sultans erupted in 1947 and 1948. And, in 1960, the first properly organized separatist movement, the National Liberation Front of Pattani, was formed.

This movement operated from sanctuaries across the border in the newly independent Malayan Federation (now Malaysia) and worked to establish "an Islamic state, based on the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah." Another group, Barisan Revolusi Nasional was also established in the early 1960s to fight the Thai government, followed by the better known and more militant Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO), which carried out small-scale guerrilla war during the 1970s and early 1980s.

All of these organizations were Islamic, but at that time, the ethnic Malay element was more important. The groups advanced were, in essence, classic separatist movements because they felt dissociated from the country to which they officially belonged.

During the 1990s, the movements became increasingly associated with radical Islam. Purist Wahhabi teachings gained ground in the south's numerous privately-run Islamic schools, and militants who had fought with the mujahideen in Afghanistan returned home.

The Thai militant groups are no longer local or isolated. The Thai mujahideen group has links with the radical Malaysian group Kumpulan Mujahideen Malaysia (KMM), which was also established in 1995 by Afghan war veterans. Both groups belong to Rabitat-ul Mujahideen, a regional umbrella organization of radical Islamic groups.

This organization, in turn, is linked to Jamaah Islamiyah, a predominantly Indonesian organization that masterminded several bombings, including the devastating Bali bombings that killed 200 people. The group subsequently attacked a hotel and the Australian embassy in Jakarta, killing over 20 people.

According to documents seized by Southeast Asian security agencies, the final goal of this "brotherhood" is to establish an Islamic mega-state encompassing Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and the Muslim areas of southern Philippines. This objective comprises a much greater threat to regional stability than the local, isolated separatist movements of pre-Afghan war days.

It is impossible to gauge support for these ideas in the region. But even if adherents form a small minority, their ability to strike has been demonstrated on numerous occasions. More than 400 people, many government officials, teachers, and even Buddhist monks, have been killed this year in southern Thailand -- apart from Muslim militants killed in raids by the police and the army.

Moderate Muslim community leaders in Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat have appealed to the government to seek a political solution to the problem, warning that further repression will breed more terrorism. After the Tai Bak tragedy, Abdullahman Abdulsomat, chairman of Narathiwat's provincial Islamic committee, told the local Thai press, "This is totally insane. Certainly, this will escalate, and who knows what will happen next." Thai authorities have since grown more willing to listen to critics.

Recently Lt. Gen. Pisarn Wattanawongkeeree was removed as army commander in the south to await the outcome of an official inquiry into the killings. But a similar inquiry into an incident at a mosque in Pattani on April 28, when the army killed about 100 Muslim youths, has shed little or no light on what actually happened that day.

Thai authorities may find themselves in a no-win situation in the wake of the recent beheading. Another watered-down report could yield disastrous consequences. And a frank admission that excessive violence was used to suppress the demonstration may also ignite violence. In either case, the Nov. 2 beheading of the Buddhist village leader could indeed mark the start of a vicious spiral of violence by militants.

The writer is a journalist based in northern Thailand and the author of seven books. The most recent is Great Leader, Dear Leader: Demystifying North Korea Under the Kim Clan.